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Structuralism early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind Functionalism a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish Behaviorism the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research agree with 1 but not 2. humanistic psychology historically significan perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth. cognitive neuroscience the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) psychology the science of behavior and mental process nature-nurture issue the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and hehaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture. natural selection the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. levels of analysis the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon biopsychosocial approach an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-culture levels of analysis neuroscience how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences evolutionary how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of tenes behavior genetics how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences psychodynamic how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts behavioral how we learn observable responses cognitive how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information social-cultural how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures basic research pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base applied research scientific study that aims to solve practical problems counseling psychology a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (school, marriage, work, etc.) and in achieving greater well-being clinical psychology a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders psychiatry a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatment as well as psychological therapy. Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology lab at University of Leipxig, Germany Edward Bradford Titchener used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements William James and Mary Whiton Calkins pioneering memory researchers/1st woman to be president of the APA Margaret Floy Washburn first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology, and synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind. Signund Freud personality therorist and therapist who's controversial ideas have influenced humanity's self-understanding John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner with help from Rayner, Watson championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as "Little Albert" B.F. Skinner leadeing behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior Charles Darwin argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies