Med Terms Lymphatic and Immune System Chapter
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Created by:
dragonbkwrm on January 7, 2009
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Medical Terminology, anatomy and physiology
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97 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Functions of the Lymphatic System | 1) Absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transport them to the cells, 2) Return cell waste products and excess fluid from the tissues to the circ system, 3) Serve as an important part of the immune system |
| Intercellular fluid (aka interstitial fluid) (aka tissue fluid) | -plasma that flows out of capillaries into space between cells; -carries: FOOD, OXYGEN, and HORMONES |
| Lymph fluid | IC fluid as it returns to the veins; removes wastes from cells; filtered by lymph nodes then returned to circ system |
| Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct | empty lymph into veins in the upper thoracic region |
| Lacteals | specialized lymph capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine; fats and fat-soluble vits are absorbed and carried into the bloodstream |
| Tonsils | Masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the nose and upper throat |
| Vermiform appendix | lymphatic tissue that hangs from the lower portion of the cecum (large intestine); protects against the entry of invaders through the digestive system |
| Peyer's patches | small bundles of lymphatic tissue located on the walls of the ileum of the small intestine |
| Adenoids (aka nasopharyngeal tonsils) | located in the nasopharynx |
| Palatine tonsils | located in the part of the throat that is visible through the mouth |
| Lingual tonsils | located at the base of the tongue |
| Spleen | -Saclike mass of lymph. tissue in the LUQ of the abdomen, inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach; -FUNCTIONS: 1) filters microorganisms and other foreigners in the blood, 2) forms LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES, 3) is hemolytic, 4) stores extra RBCs and maintains an appropriate balance between RBCs and plasma in the blood |
| Thymus | -superior to the heart; -composed largely of lymph. tissue but it plays important roles in the immune and endocrine systems |
| Lymphadenitis | swollen glands (inflammation) |
| Lymphadenopathy | disease process involving the enlargement of the lymph nodes |
| Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) | continued presence of enlarged lymph nodes; often an indication of a malignancy / deficiency in immune system function |
| Lymphangioma | benign abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels forming a mass |
| Primary lymphedema | -hereditary disorder that occurs at any time in life; -can affect any of the limbs; -type of accumulation of lymph which causes swelling |
| Secondary lymphedema | -caused by identifiable factors: surgical removal / radiation of the lymph nodes in cancer treatment; -affects the limb nearest the treatment |
| Functions of the Immune System | protect the body from harmful substances: pathogens, allergens, toxins, and malignant cells; -depends on structures of other systems |
| Immunity: FIRST line of defense (components) | 1) INTACT SKIN (physical barrier - no scrapes, cuts, open sores, etc.), 2) RESP SYSTEM (traps breathed-in foreign matter w/ nose hairs & mucous membranes, coughing and sneezing gets rid of them); 3) DIGEST SYSTEM (acids / enzymes kill invaders that hid in food); 4) LYMPH SYSTEM (essential components in fighting invaders once they came into the body) |
| Antigen (Ag) | anything the body recognizes as foreign which stimulates an immune response (virus, bactera, toxin, etc.) |
| Antibody (Ab) | disease-fighting protein created in response to the antigen (SEE "IMMUNOGLOBULIN") |
| Antigen-antibody rxn (aka "immune rexn") | involves binding foreign antigens to antibodies to make antigen-antibody complexes that tag the antigen so that other immune cells can recognize and kill it |
| Lymphocytes | -WBCs that specialize so they can attack specific microorganisms; -Formed in bone marrow as stem cells that mature and differentiate into diff lymphatic tissues; -TWO MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS: B cells and T cells |
| B cell | each makes ONE specific antibody for ONE specific antigen; most effective against viruses and bacteria |
| Immunoglobulin | -synonym for "antibody"; -formed when B cells that encounter an antigen are transformed into plasma cells that produce and secrete the antibodies |
| Complement | -complex series of proteins that normally circulate the blood in an inactive form; -activated on contact w/ Ag and help the immunoglobulins by PUNCTURING the cell membrane of the Ag |
| T cells | -small circulating lymphocytes that've traveled to the thymus where they mature due to THYMOSIN; -2 types: REGULATORY T-cells (coordinate immune defenses) and CYTOTOXIC T-cells (kill infected cells on contact) |
| Interferon | -produced by the T-cells; -family of proteins released by cells when invaded by a virus; -causes the non-infected cells to form an antiviral protein that slows / stops viral multiplication; -ALPHA, BETA, and GAMMA |
| Lymphokines | -produced by the T-cells; -direct the immune response by signaling between the immune system cells; -attract macrophages to the infected site and prepare them to attack |
| Macrophage vs. Phagocyte | MACROPHAGE = a type of phagocyte; protects the body by ingesting invading cells and by interacting with other immune cells; PHAGOCYTE = a large WBC that can ingest & destroy cell debris, dust, pollen, pathogens, etc. |
| Factors that determine the strength of your immune system | 1) health, 2) age, 3) heredity, 4) opportunistic infection |
| Synonym for "allergy" | hypersensitivity |
| Allergic reaction | occurs when the immune system reacts to a harmless allergen (pollen, food, animal dander, etc.) as if it were a dangerous invader |
| Cellular response (aka "Localized" or "Delayed" Allergic Response) | body doesn't react to the allergen the first time: -sensitivity is established, the next time symptoms show (itching, erythema, and large hives); -EX: contact dermatitis |
| Anaphylaxis (aka "systemic rexn") | -severe response to a foreign substance; -symptoms develop quickly and include swelling, blockage of air passages, and a drop in BP; -without appropriate care, the patient may DIE WITHIN MINUTES |
| Scratch test | they scratch your skin with different common allergens and see if there's any swelling and/or itching |
| Antihistamines | control allergic rexns |
| Autoimmune disorder | -I.S. misreads normal antigens and sets T-cells on body's tissues; genetic; 75% occur most frequently in women during the childbearing years |
| ELISA | -stands for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; -blood test that screens for HIV antibodies in order to diagnose; -sometimes shows a FALSE POSITIVE |
| Western blot test | -diagnostic confirmation test for HIV that is done after ELISA tests positive; -detects the presence of specific viral proteins; -MORE ACCURATE than ELISA |
| Immunotherapy | ALLERGY TREATMENT = repress the immune response; CANCER TREATMENT = stimulate the immune response |
| Synthetic immunoglobulins (aka immune serum) | -used as postexposure preventative measure against certain viruses: RABIES and some types of HEPATITIS |
| Synthetic interferon | used in the treatment of MS and some CANCERS |
| Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) | -antibodies produced in the lab; -used in: lab research, medical tests, and the treatment of some NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA, MELANOMA, and BREAST and COLON cancers |
| Immunosuppression | treatment used to interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens |
| Immunosuppressant | -drug that prevents / reduces the body's normal rxns to invasion by disease/foreign tissues; -used to prevent the rejection of donor tissue or to depress autoimmune disorders |
| Corticosteroid | hormone-like preparation used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant |
| Cytotoxic drug | -kills/damages cells; -used as an immunosuppressant and as an antineoplastic |
| Antineoplastic | blocks the growth of neoplasms; used to treat cancer |
| Bacilli | -ROD SHAPED bacteria; -SPORE-FORMING; -some diseases caused by it are TETANUS and TB |
| Rickettsia | -small bacteria that live in lice, fleas, tics, and mites; -causes ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER (rickettsia rickettsii) which is transmitted by tick to humans |
| Spirochetes | -SPIRAL-SHAPED bacteria; -flexible walls; -capable of movement; -causes LYME'S DISEASE (borrelia burgdorferi) which is transmitted via deer tick |
| Staphylococci | -bacteria that form IRREGULAR GROUPS or clusters; -causes BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA (streptococcus pneumoniae) |
| Streptococci | -bacteria that form a CHAIN; -group A streptococci causes PHARYNGITIS (aka STREP THROAT) |
| Aspergillosis | -infection caused by a fungus; -inflammation and lesions on or in any organ |
| Monoiliasis | -caused by the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans; -infection of the skin or mucous membranes; -occur at the mouth or the vagina |
| Varicella (VZV) | -aka CHICKENPOX; -acute, highly contagious viral disease caused by the herpes virus (VARICELLA ZOSTER); -characterized by fever and pustules; -transmission: resp droplets or direct contact w/ sores |
| Cytomegalovirus | infection caused by a group of LARGE HERPES-TYPE viruses with a wide variety of disease effects |
| Herpes zoster (aka Shingles) | -acute viral infection; -painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of the inflamed nerve (OUCH!); -caused by the chickenpox virus that remained dormant in the nerve, is re-activated years later when the immune system is compromised |
| Infectious mononucleosis | -caused by the EPSTEIN-BARR virus (one of the herpesviruses); -characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes |
| Measles | -acute, highly contagious viral disease; -transmitted by RESP DROPLETS; -appearance of KOPLIK'S SPOTS |
| Koplik's spots | -small red spots w/ blue-white centers; appear on the lining of the mouth |
| Mumps | -acute viral disease; -swelling of the parotid glands (a type of salivary gland) |
| Rabies | -acute viral infection; -transmitted to humans by blood, tissue, or saliva of an infected animal |
| Rubella (aka German measles) (aka 3-day measles) | -viral infection; -characterized by a fever and a fine red rash; -in pregnant mothers, can cause congenital defects in child |
| Bacteriocides | -KILL bacteria: PENICILLINS and CEPHALOSPORINS |
| Bacteriostatic | -agent that inhibits, slows, or retards the growth of bacteria: TETRACYCLINES, SULFONAMIDES, and ERYTHROMYCIN |
| Antiviral drug | -treat viral infections / provide temporary immunity; -example is ACYCLOVIR |
| Angiogenesis | -tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply |
| Antiangiogenesis | -form of treatment being developed that will cut off self-made blood supply to the tumor |
| Myoma | -benign neoplasm made up of muscle tissue |
| Carcinoma in situ (CIS) | malignant tumor in its original position that hasn't disturbed/invaded the surrounding tissues |
| Invasive malignancy | malignant tumor that grows and spreads into healthy adjacent tissue |
| Staging | the process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis |
| Carcinoma (CA/Ca) | -malignant tumor that occurs in EPITHELIAL tissue; -tend to infiltrate and produce metastases that may affect any organ or part of the body |
| Adenocarcinoma | group of carcinomas that is derived from glandular tissue |
| Sarcoma | -malignant tumor that arises from CONNECTIVE tissue; -tissues affected include bones, the bladder, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscles, and spleen |
| Hard-tissue sarcomas | arise from bone or cartilage; example is OSTEOSARCOMA (malignant tumor involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or knee) |
| Soft-tissue sarcomas | arise from tissues such as fat, muscle, and nerves; example is MYOSARCOMA (malignant tumor of muscle tissue) |
| Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) | -opportunistic infection associated with HIV; -affects the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs |
| Lymphoma | general term for malignancies that develop in the lymphatic system; -two most common types are HODGKIN'S DISEASE and NON-HODGKIN'S DISEASE |
| Hodgkin's disease (aka Hodgkin's lymphoma, or HL) | -presence of REED STERNBERG cells (large cancerous lymphocytes that are identified by microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen taken from an enlarged lymph node) |
| non-Hodgkin | -ALL lymphomas besides Hodgkin |
| Blastoma | neoplasm composed chiefly of immature undifferentiated cells; named for the tissues involved |
| Neuroblastoma | sarcoma of nervous system origin |
| Retinoblastoma | -malignant tumor of childhood arising from cells of the retina of the eye and usually occurring before the third year of life |
| Invasive ductal carcinoma (aka infiltrating ductal carcinoma) (IDC) | -accounts for the majority of breast cancers; -starts in the milk DUCT, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades fatty breast tissue |
| Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) | -breast cancer at the earliest stage (STAGE 0) before the cancer has broken through the wall of the duct; -cure rate is nearly 100% |
| Invasive lobular carcinoma (aka infiltrating lobular carcinoma) (ILC) | -cancer that starts in the milk GLANDS (lobules), breaks through the wall of the gland, and invades the fatty tissue of the breast; -once the cancer reaches the lymph nodes, it can rapidly spread to distant parts of the body |
| Modified radical mastectomy | surgical removal of the entire breast and axillary lymph nodes |
| Early breast cancer detection methods | 1) breast self-examination (BSE); 2) mammograms; 3)professional palpation; 4) biopsy (to confirm diagnosis) |
| Radiation therapy | treatment of cancers through x-rays; goal is to destroy the cancer while sparing healthy tissues |
| Brachytherapy | use of radioactive materials in contact with, or implanted into, the tissues to be treated |
| Teletherapy | radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body; -3D computer imaging allows more precise dose aiming |
| WHAT IS THE FEATURED CAREER? | Lymphedema therapist :) |
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