A&P II Test 1
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Created by:
HPRICE0013 on September 5, 2011
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166 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Secretes chemicals that reach their target cells through the blood stream | The Endocrine System |
| Autocrine | What type of chemical messenger stimulates the cell that originally secreted it |
| Paracrine | What type of chemical messenger will act locally on nearby cells |
| Neurotransmitter | What type of chemical messenger is realeased from neurons to activate an adjacent cell |
| The presence of a receptor specific for that hormone | What is it about a cell that identifies it as a target cell for hormones |
| They bind to interact with a receptor on or in the target cell | What do all hormones have in common |
| Slower and more prolonged | The general, the response of target cells to endocrine stimulation is _______ that their response to nervous stimulation |
| Help coordinate growth, development, and reproduction | Hormones are intercellular chemical signals that _________ |
| Amplitude-Modulated | Most endocrine glands communicate with their target tissues using _____ signals |
| Neurohormone | An intercellular chemical signal that is produced by neurons but functions like a hormone would be called a _______ |
| Polypeptides, steroids, and proteins | What organic molecules include hormones? |
| Lipid-Soluble | Which chemical type of hormone has a longer half-life |
| Lipid-Soluble | Which chemical class of hormone is more likely to need a binding protein for transport in the blood? |
| Steroids | Members of which group of hormones are made from cholesterol? |
| The rate at which hormones are eliminated from the body | What does the half-life of a hormone allow one to determine? |
| Regulate activities of rapid onset and short duration | What do hormones with short half-lives do? |
| By the presence of specific receptor molecules on the target cells | How do hormones and target cells recognize one another? |
| As free hormones | How do most water-soluble hormones travel through the bloodstream? |
| Chronic Hormone Secretion | Which pattern of hormone secretion, exemplified by thyroid hormones, remains relatively constant over long periods of time? |
| Episodic Hormone Secretion | Which pattern of hormone secretion, often observed in steroid reproductive hormones, will fluctuate over a monthly cycle? |
| Acute Hormone Secretion | Which pattern of hormone secretion, represented by epinephrine, can have dramatic changes in its concentration and circulating levels? |
| Chronic and Episodic Hormone Secretion | In general, lipid-soluble hormones exhibit which types of hormone secretion patterns? |
| Action of a substance other than a hormone, the nervous system, and other hormones | What can hormonal secretion be regulated by? |
| Hormonal | Secretion of one hormone by the action of another hormone is controlled by _____ stimuli |
| Humoral | Parathyroid hormone is released when blood calcium levels decrease, this is an example of control by _____ stimuli |
| Negative | Most hormones are regulated by _______ feedback mechanisms |
| Down-Regulation | In some forms of diabetes, an insensitivity to insulin seems to be present. This insensitivity could be the result of ________ |
| Produces an increase in the sensitivity of the target cell to the hormone | What does Up-Regulation do? |
| Increased in number or decreased in number | Hormone receptor molecules may be ____ in order to change the target cell's sensitivity to a given hormone |
| On the plasma membrane of their target cells | Where are receptors for most water-soluble hormones located? |
| In the nucleus or cytoplasm of their target cells | Where are receptors for most lipid-soluble hormones located? |
| G protein | What is a regulatory protein associated with membrane-bound receptor molecules? |
| 1) G Protein subunits bind to receptor 2) GTP binds to the alpha subunit replacing GDP 3) G Protein subunits separate from the receptor 4)Alpha subunit separates from the other two subunits 5) Alpha subunit-GTP complex alters cell activity | Name the events that occur when a water-soluble hormone binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane |
| Bind to and activate protein Kinase | What is the role of cAMP when it acts as an intracellular mediator in cells? |
| Cyclic GMP might be produced to act as an intracellular mediator | When a hormone binds to a membrane-bound receptor..... |
| Ion channels could be opened, IP3 may be activated, cyclic AMP production may be increased, DAG may be activated | What could happen when a hormone binds to a membrane-bound receptor and activated G Proteins? |
| To inactivate cyclic AMP | What does Phosphodiesterase function to do? |
| A cascade effect | The activation of a single G Protein results in the activation of several second messengers. This process is known as _______ |
| Activation of mRNA synthesis (transcription) | What occurs when a hormone binds to a nuclear receptor? |
| Steroid | What type of hormone diffuses easily through the plasma membrane? |
| Hormone receptor complex binds to DNA Hormone binds to receptors in the nucleus (sometimes cytoplasm) Messenger RNA synthesis is activated | Events in the nuclear receptor model |
| Neuropeptide | A chemical that is produced by a neuron that functions as a hormone is a _____ |
| Endocrine | A chemical that is secreted into the blood by specialized cells; travels some distance to target tissues |
| Neurotransmitter | A chemical that is secreted by presynaptic terminal |
| Nuclear Receptor Model | What receptor model is used by most lipid-soluble hormones? |
| Membrane-Bound Receptor Model | What receptor model is an intracellular mediator? |
| Membrane-Bound Receptor Model | What receptor model is a G Protein? |
| Nuclear Receptor Model | What receptor model interacts with DNA? |
| Membrane-Bound Receptor Model | What receptor model is cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP involved? |
| Nuclear Receptor Model | What receptor model generally observes a latent period? |
| Nuclear Receptor Model | What receptor model is messenger RNA synthesis regulated? |
| Membrane-Bound Receptor Model | What receptor model has membrane channels that can be opened or closed? |
| Target Tissues | Hormones that act on specific tissues/cells are called _______ |
| Paracrine Chemical Messengers | What chemical signals are released by cells and affect other cell type locally w/o being transported in blood? |
| Negative | Increasing levels of thyroid hormones decrease TSH levels. This is an example of _____ feedback. |
| Half-Life | The length of time needed to eliminate half a dose of a hormone is called its ______ |
| Regulating skeletal muscle contraction and strength | What is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system? |
| Regulating equilibrium and balance from the inner ear | What is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system? |
| Hypothalamus | What regulates the secretory activity of the pituitary gland? |
| Infundibulum | What is the connecting stalk between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland? |
| Neurohypophysis and Adenohypophysis | What are the two functional portions of the pituitary gland? |
| Posterior | The ____ pituitary has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus |
| Hypothalamus to anterior pituitary | Where does the hypothalamohypophysial portal system carry hormones to? |
| Hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary | The hypothalamohypophysial tract carries neurons from the _____ to the _____ |
| Posterior pituitary | What does the hypothalamohypophysial tract connect the hypothalamus to? |
| Neurohormones | Hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by _____ of the hypothalamus |
| Carry action potentials to the posterior pituitary causing the release of oxytocin | A function of the hypothalamohypophysial tract is to..... |
| Increase anterior pituitary secretion | What do releasing hormones do? |
| Action potentials from hypothalamic neurons | Hormones are released from the posterior pituitary when posterior pituitary cells are stimulated by what? |
| Construction of blood vessels | ADH is also called vasopressin because at high concentrations it causes what? |
| High solute of concentration within the body fluids | ADH is secreted in response to what? |
| The kidney tubules to retain more water | What will an increase of ADH secretion cause? |
| Decreased BP, increased ADH secretion, and decreased urine volume | What results in a decrease in blood volume? |
| Oxytocin | What hormone is sometimes given to women to induce labor? |
| ADH | What hormone is synthesized by the hypothalamus? |
| ADH secretion decreases | What happens if fluid intake increases dramatically over a short time frame? |
| Blood volume decreases and blood pressure decreases | ADH secretion will increase if ______ |
| Osmoreceptors | Sweating causes water loss from the body. In creased water loss causes the blood solute concentration to increase. What "senses" this increase? |
| Increases | Urine volume ______ when ADH secretion decreases |
| ADH | What hormone is stored and released from the posterior pituitary? |
| Oxytocin | What hormone is responsible for causing contractions in smooth muscle during labor? |
| Nursing a baby | Oxytocin release is stimulated by what? |
| FSH | What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary? |
| Hypothalamus | What is ADH is synthesized by? |
| Anterior pituitary | What is TSH synthesized by? |
| Pituitary (hypophysis) | Which gland is located in the sella turcica (pituitary fossa)? |
| Growth Hormone | What hormone increases water reabsorption from the kidneys? |
| Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) | What hormone inhibits the secretion of growth hormone? |
| FSH | What hormone stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary? |
| LH | What hormone is required for ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum? |
| LH | Synthesis of progesterone in the ovary and testosterone in the testis is stimulated by what hormone? |
| Thyroid Gland | If you removed the anterior pituitary what would it affect the functioning of? |
| FSH & LH | GnRH regulates the release of what hormones? |
| ADH | Osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus are involved in the secretion of what hormone? |
| Thyroid hormone | Hypersecretion of what hormone causes increased metabolic rate, sensitivity to heat, and weight loss? |
| Iodine | Which ion is necessary for thyroid hormone production? |
| Thyroglobulin | T3 & T4 are stored in the lumen of thyroid follicles as part of the ____ molecule |
| Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG) | What are most T3 & T4 molecules bound to in the blood? |
| Binding to receptor molecules in the nucleus | How does a thyroid hormone interact with its target tissue? |
| High to increase body temperature | John Smith works at a ski resort in the winter. What are his thyroid hormone levels like in the winter? |
| Hyperthyroidism | Increased metabolic activity and weight loss are associated with what? |
| Weight gain | What is associated with hyposecretion of thyroid hormones? |
| TSH from the anterior pituitary | What hormone is involved in the regulation of thyroid hormone levels? |
| Bone | What is a target tissue for parathyroid hormone? |
| Blood calcium levels decrease | The rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when what happens? |
| Decreases the release of phosphate from the bone | What is NOT an action of PTH? |
| PTH | What hormone allows kidneys to retain calcium? |
| Cardiac arrhythmias occur | What happens with hypocalcemia? |
| Accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery | After surgery of removing an aggressive tumor of the thyroid, the patient's blood calcium levels began declining to life-threatening levels. What is the decline most likely due to? |
| Adrenal glands | What are the endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys? |
| Norepinephrine | What hormone is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex? |
| Adrenal Medulla | What plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity? |
| Blood pressure | Epinephrine increase what? |
| Increase heart rate, increase BP, and decrease gastric tract motility | What would an injection on epinephrine do to the body? |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Where does the primary stimulus for release of adrenal medullary hormones come from? |
| Mineralocorticoids | What is the major secretory product of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex? |
| Cortistol | What hormone does the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland secrete? |
| Increased plasma levels of cortisol | What will decrease glucocorticoid (cortisol) secretion by the adrenal cortex? |
| Depression of the immune response | What might be the result of hypersecretion of glucocorticoids? |
| High cortisol levels will begin to cause ACTH levels to decline | What would occur if both ACTH and cortisol levels increase? |
| Adrenal androgens | What stimulates the growth of public hair in females? |
| Hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) | What condition could result in polyuria (excess urine) |
| Pancreas | What gland is both an endocrine gland and en exocrine gland? |
| Increase the uptake of glucose by its target tissues | What is a function of insulin? |
| Insulin | High blood glucose levels cause an increased secretion of what? |
| Gamma cells | What is NOT a type of cell found in the pancreas? |
| Glucagon | What do alpha cells secrete? |
| Islets of Langerhans (Pancreatic Islets) | Both glucagon and insulin are produced in the ______ |
| Insulin secretion decreases; glucagon secretion increases | What happens when blood sugar levels decrease? |
| They feel intensely hungry | What happens to a person when their insulin levels low? |
| Liver | Glucagon primarily influences the cells of the ____ |
| Glycogen Synthesis | Increased insulin secretion immediately following a meal will result in increased _____ |
| Breakdown of glycogen in the liver releasing glucose | What helps to keep blood nutrients at normal levels 6-8 hrs after a meal? |
| Hyperglycemia | A person with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) forgets to take their insulin, what does this cause? |
| Increased epinephrine and glucagon release | During exercise, the energy needed to sustain skeletal muscle cell contraction comes from what? |
| Thyroid | What gland does NOT produce reproductive hormones? |
| Photoperiod (daily amount of daylight) | What regulates the amount of melatonin secreted by the pineal body? |
| Development and maturation of the immune system | What is the function of thymosin? |
| Greater | The amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney when ADH is present is (greater, lesser, or equal) than the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney when ADH is absent |
| Greater | The level of ACTH during stress is (greater, lesser, or equal) than the level of ACTH during relaxation |
| Lesser | The metabolic rate if thyroid hormones are under secreted (greater, lesser, or equal) than the metabolic rate if thyroid hormones are over secreted |
| Lesser | The blood calcium levels if parathyroid secretion decreases (greater, lesser, or equal) than the blood calcium levels if parathyroid hormone secretion increases |
| Calcitonin | What hormone decreases blood calcium levels? |
| TSH | What hormone stimulates synthesis of thyroid hormones? |
| ACTH | What hormone increases adrenal cortex secretions? |
| Prolactin | What hormone is involved in milk production? |
| Thymosin | What hormone is involved in the development of the immune system? |
| Pancreas | What gland secretes the hormone glucagon? |
| Ovary | What gland secretes the hormone progesterone? |
| Adrenal Cortex | What gland secretes the hormone cortisol? |
| Thyroid | What gland secretes the hormone T3? |
| Anterior Pituitary | What gland secretes the hormone prolactin? |
| Cells of the adrenal cortex | What cell type produces mineralocorticoids? |
| Cells of the parathyroid gland | What cell type produces PTH? |
| Beta cells | What cell type produces insulin? |
| Neurosecretory cells | What cell type produces ADH? |
| Follicular cells of the thyroid | What cell type produces T3? |
| Patient C | What patient is most likely to have a destructive tumor of anterior pituitary that destroys TSH secreting cells? |
| Patient A | What patient is most likely to have a proliferative tumor of anterior pituitary cells that produce TSH? |
| Patient D | What patient is most likely to have a goiter due to iodine deficiency? |
| Testosterone | What hormone aids in spermatogenesis? |
| Estrogen and progesterone | What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle? |
| Posterior | The ______ pituitary is a neural extension of the hypothalamus? |
| Adenohypophysis | What is another name for the anterior pituitary? |
| Anterior pituitary | The hypothalamohypophysial portal system extends from the hypothalamus to the ______ |
| Alpha | Glucagon is synthesized by the _____ cells of the pancreas? |
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