SJS history 8 test 1
About this set
Created by:
imaanm on September 5, 2011
Subjects:
Description:
Has all stuff benirettos need to know for the first test. has stuff from notes, internet, and wiki
Classes:
SJS OPEN midterms -and other things- (2016), 9th Grade Sets, SJS 2016 PUBLIC
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56 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Four rules for an explanation to be considered scientific | 1. Explains maximum observations with minimum assumptions 2. Compatible with a well established body of knowledge 3. Well tested 4. Cannot explain all related observations |
| Geographical imagination | The way we view the rest of the world based on our cultures, religions, and place of living, helps us understand the views, beliefs, and cultures of different areas |
| Funnel of certainty | A process to rate explanations, reach probable theories, and determine laws |
| Uncertainty | First step in the funnel of certainty, little knowledge or information is known, known as speculative phase, Ockham's razor (simplest is best) or testing hypotheses narrows them down to next level |
| Probable theories | 2nd step in funnel of certainty, possible solutions from previous step are weeded down even further until relatively certain explanations are created |
| Laws | 3rd step in funnel of certainty, laws are confirmed in this level |
| Law | A statement of a relation of phenomena that so far as is known as invariable (not capable of being changed) |
| Reality | Last level in funnel of certainty, never truly reached because can differ from one person to another |
| Catastrophism | Theory that says big disasters, such as volcanic eruptions and floods caused changes on Earth, based on Noah's flood and supported with recorded history |
| James Hutton | Scottish farmer who came up with theory of uniformitarianism, Earth was still being formed, "present is the key to the past" |
| Charles Lyell | Used theory of uniformitarianism, introduced law of superposition |
| Uniformitarianism | Theory introduced by James Hutton, says that present is the key to the past and nothing has changed, opposite of catastrophism |
| Superposition | Theory developed by Charles Lyell, lower is older, order of sediments is directly related to how old the sediment layers are |
| Three Age Theory | Theory that groups together artifacts of stone, artifacs of bronze, and artifacts of iron, says each civilization has gone through three ages: stone age, bronze age, and iron age, Christian Thomsen |
| Great men and their character | Plutarch's theory that great men shape history, such as hitler, stalin, ivan the great |
| Challenge and response | Toynbee's theory that all civilizations are faced with challenges and the way they respond to the challenges determines whether or not they survive |
| Theory of Population | Malthus' theory that human and animal populations would always outpace resources, would lead to famine, poverty, ways to control it are calamities, war, famine, birth control, fault of the poor |
| Survival of the Fittest | Darwin's theory that the diversity on Earth is created because only the ones most adapted to the environment can survive |
| Material Dialect | Marx's theory that there is a perpetual struggle between classes and all conflicts arise from trying to resolve these conflicts |
| Geography and the Frontier | Turner's theory that the place where you live determines your culture, religion, and values |
| History is the story of who won | Radicalists' idea that those who succeed in history are the ones who write the history books, losers are unimportant and forgotten |
| The unexpected | Boorstin's theory that the future cannot be predicted, change cannot be managed, the best we can do is be open to change |
| Cultural relativism | Means that each culture can only be understood in its own terms, no one can fully understand another culture, all cultures are equally deserving of respect, we need to suspend judgement, empathize, and try to understand other cultures |
| Interpretation | History is an ---- of facts and events |
| Expertise | A historian can never learn everything about an event or period, one of the reasons why history is an interpretation |
| Selection | A historian must select what is important from the available material, one of the reasons why history is an interpretation |
| Presentation | Historians must present their material a certain way after selecting it, one of the reasons why history is an interpretation |
| Ethnocentrism | When someone believes there is only one way to view the world and their way is the best |
| Criteria for a good theory | 1. Predictive 2. Parsimonious 3. Powerful |
| Predictive | Characteristic of a good theory, accurately predicts what will be observed |
| Parsimonious | Characteristic of a good theory, is simple to give less room for error |
| Powerful | Characteristic of a good theory, explanation covers a broad range of phenomena, has scope and generality |
| Ockham's razor | An idea that says the simpler of two competing ideas is the one to favor |
| Artifacts | Things that have been modified by humans, can be of wood, metal, stone, bone, clay, or other natural materials, as well as (in today's time) synthetic materials |
| Ecofacts | Things left behind that are natural |
| Features | Items too large or permanent to be taken to a lab |
| Records | Written or printed documents, paintings, murals, etc |
| Relics | Artifacts; anything made or modified by humans |
| 5 themes of geography | 1. location 2. Place (physical/cultural) 3. Interaction 4. Movement 5. Region |
| Location | Exactly where something is, one of the 5 themes of geography |
| Physical place | Made of climate, landforms, plants, and animals of a particular location, part of the 5 themes of geography |
| Cultural place | Depends on environment, composed of human characteristics, transportation networks, language, religious views, and political views of a certain area, part of the 5 themes of geography |
| Interaction | When people do something to the environment or the environment does something to the people, can be good or bad, one of the 5 themes of geography ex. building canals, floods |
| Movement | Exchange of goods, ideas, and people, one of the 5 themes of geography ex. silk road, spreading Chinese influences |
| Region | A large area defined by unifying characteristics that could be cultural or physical, one of the 5 themes of geography |
| 3 reasons why no interpretation can explain all observations relevant to it | 1. More than one principle at work (planes) 2. Errors in measurement (human or mechanical) 3. Difference in perception (physical or emotional) |
| Cross dating | Finding similar rock layers in different areas to date them, uses the known date of one to find the other |
| Cultural evolution | Says that all cultures are not the same, they evolve at their own pace, evolution stops if they come in contact with an advanced civilization |
| Diffusionism | Grand theory that says that cultural traits spread by contact of one culture with another, there is one core area where all cultures stars from |
| Historical particularism | Grand theory that says that every society has a unique and historical development and can only be understood by its own specific cultural context |
| Cultural materialism | Grand theory that says that history and society develop on a trial and error basis, unless you can make a profit, it is not good |
| Creationism | Grand theory that says that matter and forms of life were created by God out of nothing, Earth is 6-10, 000 years old, life was created in 6 days, death came from Adam and Eve's fall, Geology is contributed to Noah's flood, heliocentric solar system |
| Intelligent design | Grand theory that says an intelligent creator created the entire universe and it as not just a coincidence |
| Cognitivism | Grand theory that says that cultures change with new ideas, concepts, and values |
| Structuralism | Grand theory that says Changes are attributed to social changes (slavery) |
| Sociobiology | Grand theory that says that change is due to the changing of human genetics |
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