Chemistry CH 2
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doriangray2011 on September 6, 2011
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Chemistry CH2 vocab
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66 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 acid | Arrhenius: substance that increase H+ concentration when added to water (Bronsted: a substance that donates a H+) (Lewis Acid: a species that can donate a pair of electrons) |
| alkali metal | an element from Group 1A with the exception of H (I.E., Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr) |
| alkaline earth metal | an element from Group 2A (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) |
| alkane | hydrocarbons having the general formula C(n)H(2n+2) |
| allotrope | one of two or more distinct forms of an element |
| alpha particle | a helium ion with a positive charge of +2 |
| alpha ray | see alpha particle |
| anion | an ion with a negative charge |
| atom | the basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical combination |
| atomic ion | atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge |
| atomic mass | the mass of the atom given in atomic mass units (amu) |
| atomic mass unit | a mass exactly equal to 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom |
| atomic number (Z) | the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element |
| atomic weight | the average atomic mass |
| Beta particle | an electron |
| Beta ray | see beta particle |
| Binary (compound) | a substance that consists of just two different elements |
| Cation | an ion with a positive charge |
| Chalcogens | elements in Group 6A (O, S, Se, Te, and Po) |
| Chemical formula | chemical symbols and numerical subscripts used to denote the composition of the substance |
| diatomic molecule | a molecule that contains two atoms |
| electron | a negatively charged subatomic particle found outside the nucleus of all atoms |
| empirical formula | the chemical formula that conveys with the smallest possible whole numbers the ratio of combination of elements in a compound |
| family | the elements in a vertical column of the periodic table |
| functional group | the part of a molecule characterized by a special arrangement of atoms that is largely responsible for the chemical behavior of the parent molecule |
| gamma rays | high-energy radiation |
| group | the elements in a vertical column of the periodic table |
| halogens | the elements in Group 7A (F, Cl, Br, I, and At) |
| heteronuclear | containing two or more different elements |
| homonuclear | containing atoms of only one element |
| hydrate | a compound with a specific number of water molecules within its solid structure |
| hydrocarbon | a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen |
| inorganic compounds | compounds that do not contain carbon or that are derived from nonliving sources |
| ion | atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons giving it a positive or negative charge |
| ionic compound | substance consisting of ions held together by electrostatic attraction |
| ionizable hydrogen atom | a hydrogen atom that can be lost as a hydrogen ion, H+ |
| isotope | atoms that have the same atomic number (Z) but different mass numbers (A) |
| lattice | a 3d array of cations and anions |
| law of conservation of mass | an alternative statement of the first law of thermodynamics stating that matter can be neither created nor destroyed |
| law of definite proportions | different samples or a given compound always contain the same elements in the same mass ratio |
| law of multiple proportions | different compounds made up of the of the same elements differ in the number of atoms each kind that combine |
| mass number (A) | the number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom of an element |
| metal | element with a tendency to lose electrons, located left of the zigzag line on the periodic table |
| metalloid | elements with properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals |
| molecular formula | a chemical formula that gives the number of atoms of each element in a molecule |
| molecule | a combination of two or more atoms in a specific arrangement held together by chemical bonds |
| monatomic ion | an ion that contains only one atom |
| neutron | an electrically neutral subatomic particle with a mass slightly greater than that of a proton |
| noble gases | elements in group 8A (He, NE, AR, Kr, De, and Rn) |
| nonmetal | element with a tendency to gain electrons, located in the upper right porition of the periodic table |
| nucleons | protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| nucleus | the central core of the atom that contains the protons and neutrons |
| organic compounds | compounds containing carbon and hydrogen, sometimes in combination with other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and the halogens |
| oxoacid | an acid consisting of one or more ionizable protons and an oxoanion |
| oxoanion | a polyatomic anion that contains one or more oxygen atoms bonded to a central atom |
| period | a horizontal row of the periodic table |
| periodic table | a chart in which elements having similar chemical and physical properties are grouped together |
| polyatomic ion | molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons giving it a positive or negative charge |
| polyatomic molecule | molecules containing more than two atoms |
| polyprotic acid | an acid with more than two ionizable protons |
| proton | a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| radiation | the emission and transmission of energy through space in the form of waves |
| radioactivity | the spontaneous emission of particles or radiation from unstable nuclei |
| structural formula | a chemical formula that shows the general arrangement of atoms within the molecule |
| transition elements | an element that has-or readily forms one or more ions that have-an incompletely filled d subshell |
| transition metals | the elements in group 1B and groups 3B to 8B |
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