Homewood AP Euro- Reformation 1
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carterdoyle on September 6, 2011
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anabaptists | A religious sect started in Zurich, Switzerland, in the 16th century that believed that true faith was based on reason and free will and that people must knowingly select the Christian faith through rebaptism as adults. These men and women rejected the authority of the state and the courts, abolished private property, and believed themselvesto be true Christians who lived acording to the standards established in the Bible. The movement gained most of its support from artisans and the middle and lower classes, who were attracted by its simple message of peace and salvation. |
| Evangelicals | These were the early followers of Martin Luther. they were called this because of their reliance on the Gospel as the only source of religious truth. |
| Protestants | Name given to all of those who rejected the Catholic Church during the Reformation after German princes lodged a formal complaint against the Catholic Church when Martin Luther was declared an outlaw. |
| indulgence | A release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in Purgatory after death. |
| Christian Humanists | Intellectuals in the late 15th and early 16th centuries who dreamed of idealistic societies based on peace, morality, and Christian virtue and sought to realize the ethical ideals of the classical world and the Scriptures. Their ideals applied the techniques and outlook of Renaissance humanism to Christianity and the Bible. they strongly encourages reform through education. They influenced Martin Luther and other Reformation leaders. |
| Erasmus | 1466-1536 b. Rotterdam, Holland. Leading humanist of the Northern Renaissance. Two most famous works were Praise of Folly & Handbook of the Christian Knight. Satire on church & how to lead a moral but active life. Studied classical language to get deeper understanding of Bible. Published annotated edition of New Testament in Greek. Saw religion and learning as bound together. While a critic of abuses by church - was NOT a Protestant. Thought institution could reform itself from within and wished for a unified Church. |
| Sir Thomas More | (1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, Chancellor for Henry VIII. Wrote Utopia which presented a revolutionary view of society, in which the problems of society were caused by greed. Executed by Henry VIII for not compromising his religious beliefs. |
| The Praise of Folly | Erasmus' most famous book.. It ridiculed ignorance, superstition, and vice among christians and advocated modesty, virtue, and poverty as Christian virtues. |
| Utopia | Meaning "no place" this term was coined by St. Thoms More who, in his book by that name, describes a religious society, heavily influenced by divine revelation, in which goods were held in common and their was no crime nor war. The book was written as a critique of England. |
| Martin Luther | German monk and professorwho started the Protestant Reformation by nailing the 95 These to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg, Germany. His ideas of salvation by faith alone, the Bible is the sole source of religious freedom, and that the clergy has no special relationship with God are the basis of the Protestant faith. |
| Johann Tetzel | This Dominican monk was chosen to advertise indulgences in 1517, and did so using extreme methods so that many people bought them. This caught Luther's attention, and was a factor that led to the 95 Theses. |
| 95 Theses | Formal statements written by Martin Luther attacking the "pardon-merchants" who sold indulgences. In 1517 Luther posted these statements on the door of a castle church in Wittenberg and invited other scholars to debate them. This began the Reformation. |
| Charles V | Of the Habsburg dynasty, Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and outlawed Luther. He later fought wars against the Valois dynasty of France, the Ottoman Turks, and Protestant princes of Germany. |
| Diet of Worms | Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. |
| Edict of Worms | When Charles V exiled or outlawed Luther from The Holy Roman Empire or any of it's other lands. |
| Frederick the Wise | The duke of Saxony and also one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Emperor. He chose to protect Luther at the Diet of Worms (some say to assert his political independence from Charles V and the HRE). |
| Pope Leo X | This man began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. He tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the Church and condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so. |
| Huldrych Zwingli | (1484-1531) Influenced by the writings of Erasmus, he called for religious reform in Switzerland. Although he agreed with several of Luther's ideas, he differed in others (symbolism of Eucharist) and was independent of him. He died in a battle between Catholics and Protestants |
| Colloquy of Marbury | A meeting of leading German Protestant reformers in 1529. These leaders tried to reconcile differences among their goups. They were successful in some areas, but could not resolve Luther's and Zwingli's ideas on Eucharist. |
| John Calvin | French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva, which he turned into a theocracy. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion. Strongly believed in predestination (separated him from Luther). |
| Affair of the Placards | A Protestant protest against the Cathoilc Church in 1534. Obnoxious posters denouncing the Cathoilic Church were posted around Paris. This led to persecution of Protestants and John Calvin/s immigration to Switzerland. |
| The Institutes of the Christian Religion | John Calvin's publication that was the cornerstone of his theology; provided the belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity. Introduced the idea of predestination. |
| Predestination | The doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved or damned. |
| John Knox | This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops. He was heavily influenced by John Calvin. |
| Peasants' War | A general rebellion of peasants in Germany (1524- 26). They were inspired by Luther's idea of freedom of the Christian and wanted to apply it to their position in society. Catholic and Protestant princes united to crush the peasants. Luther did not agree with the peasants. 100,000+ peasants were killed. |
| Thomas Muntzer | A radical German (Thuringian) Protestant who was a rebel leader during the Peasants' War of 1524-26. Luther despised Muntzer for his politicization of the Reformation, and they disagreed over several religious doctrines. |
| Menno Simons | Pacifist leader of the Anabaptists who continued the movement in northwestern Europe, followers known as Mennonites |
| Vulgate | Latin translation of the Bible that became the standard used by the Catholic Church |
| Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples | Translated French Bible from Vulgate |
| William Tyndale | Early reformer who created an English translation of the Bible in Europe and smuggled it to England. Burned at the stake. His version of the Bible would be adopted after the English Reformation. |
| parish | A definite community of Catholics within a diocese, established by the bishop and entrusted to the care of a pastor. |
| Society of Jesus | A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen |
| Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation as they launched missions and built schools around the world. They helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. |
| gymnasia | Secondary schools in Reformation Europe. |
| Katharina Zell | Wife of a prominent reformer, she advocated for equality among women in the Protestant Church. She fed the peasants after the defeat in war and wrote a book of hymns. She is an example of how women were able to assume greater roles in the early Protestant churches (although they were limited later). |
| Katharina von Bora | Former nun and wife of Martin Luther. She represented the ideal Protestant woman in that she accepted her role of running the home. She argued that women were uqual partners in a marriage. |
| Michael Servetus | Spanish physician. He hained notoriety for his publications denying the Christian dogma of the Trinity. He was executed in Geneva on Calvin's orders. |
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