| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Arithmetic Density | The total number of people divided by the total land area |
| Physiological Density | The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture |
| Hearth Diffusion | The region in which innovative ideas originate |
| Relocation Diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another |
| Expansion Diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places |
| Contagious Diffusions | The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population |
| Stimulus Diffusion | the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected |
| Absolute Direction | a compass direction such as north or south |
| Dispersion | the spatial property of being scattered about over an area or volume |
| Concentration | the spread of something over a given area |
| Absolute Distance | The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer. |
| Relative Distance | A measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places. Often relative distance describes the amount of social, cultural, or economic, connectivity between two places. |
| Distribution | The arrangement of something across Earth's surface |
| Environmental Determinism | An earlier approach to the study of geography. It was the study of how physical environmnet caused human activities |
| Absolute Location | location of places with respect to a fixed grid or reference system such as latitude and longitude |
| Relative Location | a location of a place in relationship to the features around it |
| Site Location | The physical Character of a place |
| Situation Location | The location of a place relative to other places |
| Centralized Pattern | clustered or concentrated at a certain place |
| Random Pattern | no specific order or logic behind its arrangement |
| Physical Attributes | a quality or feature of something |
| Possibilism | The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environmnet and choose a course of action from many alternatives |
| Formal Region | An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics |
| Functional Region | An area organized around a nodal or focal point |
| Vernacular Region | An area that people believe to exsist as part of their cultural identity |
| Scale | The relationship between the portion of earth being studied and the earth as a whole, specifically between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on earth |
| Size | the physical magnitude of something (how big it is) |
| Spatial | pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space |
| Accessibility | the ease of getting to a place; a variable quality of location |
| Connectivity | the degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places |
| Network | an interconnected system of things or people |
| Distance Decay | The diminishing in importance and eventual dissappearence of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin |
| Friction of Distance | A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between 2 places. |
| Acculturation | the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture |
| Cultural Ecology | Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships. |
| Cultural identity | the connection the people of the same culture feel with one another |
| Cultural Landscape | a landscape that has been changed by human beings and that reflects their culture |
| Culture | The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct traditions |
| Relocation | The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another |
| Maladaptive Diffusion | Diffusion of a process with negative side effects |
| Distortion | the mistake of misrepresenting the facts |
| GIS | A computer system that organizes analyzes and displays geographic data |
| GPS | A system that determines the precise position of something on earth through a series of satellite tracking stations and recievers |
| Latitude | The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator |
| Equator | an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles |
| Longitude | The numbering system used to indicate the location of the meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian |
| Prime Meridian | the meridian designated as 0 degrees longitude which passes through the royal observatory at Greenwich England |
| International Date Line | An arc that for the most part follows 180 degree longitude although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing lands. |
| Map | A two dimensional or flat representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it |
| Map Scale | indicates the relationship between the distances on the actual distances on the earth. |
| Thematic Map | shows climate, vegetation, natural resources, population density, economic activity, historical trends, movement, etc... |
| Statistical Map | a graphic representation of elements of importance or interest pertaining to a theme |
| Cartogram Map | A presentation of statistical data in geographical distribution on a map |
| Choropleth Map | a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area |
| Isoline | line connecting points on a map having some similar feature |
| Mental Map | An internal representation of a portion of earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place,containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located |
| Demographic Transition Model | A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time. |
| Gravity Model | A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service |
| Social Distance | the extent to which members of one culture have contact with members of another culture |
| Dowry | a sum of money given by the wife's family to the husband upon marriage |
| Enfranchisement | a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote) |
| Gender | a social distinction based on culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate appearance, behavior, and mental or emotional characteristics for males and females |
| Gender Gap | A major gap inbetween the two genders |
| Infanticide | kill infants of other males |
| Folk Culture | Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. |
| Folklore | the unwritten literature (stories and proverbs and riddles and songs) of a culture |
| Material Culture | The physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture |
| Nonmaterial culture | ideas, knowledge and beliefs that influence people's behavior |
| Popular Culture | widely shared beliefs, tastes, goals, and practices |
| Survey Systems | pattern of land division used in an area |
| Traditional Architecture | traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places |
| Creole | A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated |
| Dialect | A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation |
| Isogloss | A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate |
| Language | A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning |
| Language Family | A collectio of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history |
| Language Group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relativity recent past and display relativly few differences in grammer and vocabulary |
| Language Subfamily | a smaller group of related languages within a language family |
| Lingua Franca | A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages |
| Multilingual | using or knowing more then one language |
| Official Language | The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents |
| Pidgin | A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammer and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages |
| Toponym | The name given to a portion of earth's surface |
| Chain migration | migration of people to a specific location becasue relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there |
| Assimilation | The merging of cultural traits from previously distinct cultural groups not involving biological amalgamation |
| Cultural Adaptation | Adjusting a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language |
| Ethnic Cleansing | Process in which more powerful group forcibly removes a less powerful one in orderto create an ethnically homogenous region |
| Ethnic Conflict | type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country |
| Ethnic Enclave | a small area occupies by a distinctive minority culture |
| Ethnic Group | Belonging or deriving from the cultural racial, religious, or linguistic traditions of a people or country |
| Ethnic Homeland | a sizable are inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attatchment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it |
| Ethnicity | Identity with a group of people that share distict physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions |
| Ethnocentrism | belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group |
| Plural Society | a society in which different cultural groupls keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions |
| Animism | Belief that objects such as plants and stones or natural events liike thunderstorms and earthquakes have a discrete spirit and conscious life |
| Buddhism | a religion represented by the many groups (especially in Asia) that profess various forms of the Buddhist doctrine and that venerate Buddha |
| Christianity | a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior |
| Confucianism | the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity |
| Ethnic Religion | a religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it |
| Exclave | a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory. |
| Enclave | an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it |
| Fundamentalism | Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion |
| Hinduism | A body of religious and philosophical beliefs native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation |
| Interfaith Boundaries | boundaries between the major religions |
| Islam | the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran |
| Judaism | the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud |
| Monotheism | practice of believing in one god |
| Polytheism | practice of believing in more then one god |
| Mormonism | the doctrines and practices of the Mormon Church based on the Book of Mormon |
| Reincarnation | a second or new birth |
| Religious Conflict | form of social control |
| Sacred Space | Places sacred to certain groups |
| Secularism | secular opinion or belief, especially a system following a political or social philosophy that rejects religious faith |
| Sharia Law | the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed |
| Sunni | a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad |
| Shia | the Shia believe that leader is called an imam and this "caliph/imam" should be a direct descendant of Mohammed They want Ali- 11 descendant 12 imam =caliph |
| Taoism | popular Chinese philosophical system based in teachings of Lao-tzu but characterized by a pantheism of many gods and the practices of alchemy and divination and magic |
| Theocracy | the belief in government by divine guidance |
| Universalizing | A religion that attempts to appeal to all people not just those living in a particular location |
| Annexation | Legally adding land area to a city in the united states |
| Apartheid | Laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas |
| Balkanization | the process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units |
| Natural Boundary | When a physical feature such as a mountain or river determine a political boundary |
| Physical Boundary | Political Boundaries that correspond with physical features such as mountains or rivers. |
| Buffer State | a small neutral state between two rival powers |
| Capital | wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value |
| Centrifugal | tending away from centralization, as of authority |
| Centripetal | An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state |
| City State | A soverign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland |
| Colonialism | Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory |
| Core | a small group of indispensable persons or things |
| Periphery | the outside boundary or surface of something |
| Decolonization | the action of changing from colonial to independent status |
| Devolution | the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states |
| Domino Theory | the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control |
| European Union | an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members |
| Frontier | A zone separating two states in which neither state excersicers political control |
| Geopolitics | the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state |
| Heartland | the central region of a country or continent |
| Landlocked | A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea |
| Law of the Sea | Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources. |
| Manifest Destiny | a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God) |
| Microstate | A state that encompasses a very small land area |
| Nation | the people who live in a nation or country |
| Nation State | A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality |
| Reunification | the act of coming together again |
| Satellite State | Country controlled by a more powerful nation |
| Self-Determination | Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves |
| Sovereignty | Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states |
| State | An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs |
| Stateless Nation | A nationality that is not represented by a state. |
| Suffrage | The right or privilege of voting. |
| Territorial Disputes | Any dispute over land ownership |
| Compact States | A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly |
| Fragmented States | A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory |
| Elongated States | A state with a long narrow shape |
| Perforated state | a state that completely surrounds another one |
| Agglomeration | the act of collecting in a mass |
| Blockbusting | Illegal practice of inducing homeowners to sell their properties by telling them that a certain people of a certain race, national origin or religion are moving into the area |
| Central Business District | The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered |
| Census Tract | An area deliniated by the us beureau of the census for which statisitcs are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods |
| Centralization | the act of consolidating power under a central control |
| Central Place Theory | Th distribution on services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for service; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart then smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willin to travel farther |
| Colonial City | City established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructures. |
| Commercialization | the act of commercializing something |
| Concentric Zone Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings |
| Counter- urbanization | net migration for urban to rural areas in more developed countries |
| Decentralization | the spread of power away from the center to local branches or governments |
| Ethnic Neighborhood | an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background |
| Ghetto | during the middle ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live becasue of social legal or economic pressure |
| Globalization | Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope |
| Hinterland | a remote and undeveloped area |
| Inner City | the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city |
| Megacities | cities with populations of ten million or more |
| Megalopolis | a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns) |
| Multiple Nuclei Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activiteis |
| Planned Communities | A city built to a definite plan |
| Primate City | a city that ranks first in a nation in terms of population and economy |
| Rank Size Rule | A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement |
| Redlining | A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries |
| Sector Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors or wedges radiating out from the central business district |
| Segregation | the act of segregating or sequestering |
| Slum | a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions |
| Squatter Settlement | An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. |
| Grid | a network of horizontal and vertical lines that provide coordinates for locating points on an image |
| Suburb | a residential district located on the outskirts of a city |
| Suburbanization | The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe. |
| Urbanization | An increase in the percentafe and in the number of people living in urban settlements |
| Solar Energy | Energy generated by the Sun |
| Seasons | The four cycles of weather and temperature |
| Rain Shadow | an area that has little precipitation because some barrier causes the winds to lose their moisture before reaching it |
| Climate | the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time |
| Weather | Temperatures and climate |
| Continents | One of the principal land masses of the earth, usually regarded as including Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. |
| Physical Features | The physical aspect of a country or region |
| Equinox | the time when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator, making night and day of approximately equal length all over the earth and occurring about March 21 |
| Solstice | either of the two times a year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator: about June 21, when the sun reaches its northernmost point on the celestial sphere, or about December 22, when it reaches its southernmost point. |
| Orographic Effect | the precipitation that occors when moist air rises up the sides of a mountain. as the air rises, it cools down and realeases most of its moisture as rain or snow |
| Climatic Zones | any of the geographical zones loosely divided according to prevailing climate and latitude |
| Development | the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful |
| Energy Consumption | The consuming of energy |
| Gross Domestic Product | The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period |
| Gross National Product | The value of the total output of goods and services produced nationally in a given period of time |
| Human Development Index | Indicator level of the development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy |
| Purchasing Power Parity | a measure of how many units of currency are needed in one country to buy the amount of goods and services that one unit of currency will buy in another country |
| Technology Gap | The feared dominance of high-tech US companies in Europe in the 1960's, limiting critical European research and development resources and permitting independent European technological and industrial development |
| Technology Transfer | the trading of technology from place to place |
| Third World | The region of the world containing a high concentration of underdeveloped or emergent countries. |
| Acid Rain | rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water |
| Air Pollution | Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ntrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and solid particulates at a greater level then occurs in average air |
| Aluminum Industry | manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group |
| Assembly Line Production | workers performed a single task repetitively |
| Deindustrialization | loss of the industrial activity in a region |
| Ecotourism | tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature |
| Energy Resources | Natural resources that can be converted into energy |
| Greenhouse Effect | warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere |
| Industrial Revolution | During this rapid period of industrial growth more and more countries adopted mass production. Handmade goods were quickly replaced by machine-made goods. Factory laborers replaced craftsmen and home production |
| Infrastructure | the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area |
| Maquiladora | Mexican factorys that assemble parts to make product for export |
| Adaptive Strategies | group's system of economic production. In non-industrial societies, it is usually based on food production. |
| Agribusiness | commercial firms that have developed w/ or stemmed out of agriculture |
| Agriculture | the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock |
| Animal Domestication | genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control |
| Collective Farm | government-owned farms and employed large numbers of workers; all crops distributed by the gov't |
| Commercial Agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. |
| Diffusion | The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time |
| First Agricultural Revolution | 10,000 years ago achieved plant and animal domestication |
| Green Revolution | the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity |
| Hunting and Gathering | To chase or search for game/to bring together into one group |
| Outsourcing | The procuring of services or products, such as the parts used in manufacturing a motor vehicle, from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs |
| Ozone Depletion | thinning of Earth's ozone layer caused by CFC's leaking into the air and reacting chemically with the ozone, breaking the ozone molocules apart |
| Threshold | a region marking a boundary |
| Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | a form of subsistance agriculture that requires larg amounts of labor to make the largest crop possible on small plots of land |
| Mediterranean Agriculture | specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails (grapes, olives, figs, citrus, fruits, dates, et al0 |
| Mining | the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth |
| Planned Economy | an economy in which governemtn direscts the use of national resources and regulates the economy to achieve both goals and stability. |
| Plantation Agriculture | raising a large amount of a "cash crop" for local sale or export |
| Renewable | A resource that can be replaced in a short period of time. |
| Nonrenewable | A resource a resource that can not be replaced within a short period of time |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | currently in progress, development of genetically modified organisms |
| Human Geography | concentrates on patterns of human activity and on their relationships with the environment. |
| Region | an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features. |
| Space | the physical gap or interval between two objects |
| Place | a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character |
| Cartography | the science of making maps |
| Density | The frequency with which something exists withen a given unit |
| Pattern | The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area |
| Remote Sensing | The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods. |
| Projection | The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map. |
| Mercator Projection | true shapes of landmasses but distorts the size |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. |
| Space Time Compression | The reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems |
| Location | The position of anything on Earth's surface. |
| Life Expectancy | Average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. |
| Ecumene | The portion of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement |
| Landforms | shape on Earth's surface, such as hills and mountains |
| Internal Migration | Permanent movement within a particular country |
| Natural Increase Rate | The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as a crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. |
| Crude Birth Rate | The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society |
| Crude Death Rate | The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. |
| Fertility Rate | the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country |
| Population Density | the number of individuals per unit area |
| Doubling Rate | numbers that it takes a population to double in size |
| Population Pyramid | A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. |
| Push Factors | Factors that induce people to leave old residences. |
| Pull Factors | Factors that induce people to move to a new location. |
| Brain Drain | Large-scale emigration by talented people |
| Quotas | In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year |
| Guest Workers | Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs. |
| Emigrate | Migration from a location |
| Migration | Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location |
| 5 Pillars of Islam | the principles by which Muslims live their lives |
| Caste System | a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity |
| Ethnic Diversity | Differences among groups of people based on their origins, languages, customs, or beliefs |
| Nationalism | Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality |
| Mulitnational State | state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. |
| Altaic Language | a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe |
| Multi-ethnic State | Sate that contains more than one ethnicity. |
| Agricultural Density | The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture. |
| Overpopulation | the number of people in an area exceeds that capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. |
| Land Area | the amount of land inside the borders of a state or country |
| Prorupted State | an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension |
| More Developed Countries (MDC) | a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development |
| Less Developed Countries (LDC) | a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development |
| Economic Sector | a segment or section of an economy, such as farming, manufacturing, mining, and transportation |
| Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals |
| Industrial Revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods |
| Teritary Sector | the portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities. |
| Sector Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD). |
| Consolidation | something that has consolidated into a compact mass |
| Resource | A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use. |
| Biomass Fuel | Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste |
| Fossil Fuel | energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago. |
| Infant Mortality Rate | the number of deaths in the first year of life for every 1,000 live births |
| Immigration | migration to a new location |
| Population | the people who inhabit a territory or state |
| One Child Policy | Act in China that allows people to have only 1 child in the city and 2 children in the countryside created in 1980 |
| Fractional Scale | The ratio between two sets of dimensions. |
| Graphic Scale | A ruler printed on the map and is used to convert distances on the map to actual ground distances |
| Projection Scale | A method of representing the surface of a sphere or other shape on a plane. |
| Robinson Map Projections | A map projection of a world map, which shows the entire world at once |
| Goode's Homolosine Projection | Shows continents but distorts ocean |
| Gnomic Projection | displays all great circles as straight lines |
| Population Momentum | built-in potential for population growth due to a large number of individuals entering reproductive age |
| Stationary Population Pyramid | A population pyramid typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality |
| Constrictive Population pyramid | population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people |
| Expansive Population Pyramid | A population pyramid showing a broad base, indicating a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people |
| Stage 1 of the Demographic Stages | pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance |
| Stage 2 of the Demographic Stages | the death rates drop rapidly, which increase life spans and reduce disease |
| Stage 3 of the Demographic Stages | birth rates fall and an increase in the status and education of women |
| Stage 4 of the Demographic Stages | both low birth rates and low death rates. |
| Supranational Organization | Extending beyond or transcending established borders or spheres of influence held by separate nations: |
| Core-periphery Model | maintained that the world can be divided into four types of region. |
| Von Thunen's model | Model which shows the location of agriculture in regard to a commercial economy that is similar to the concentric model |
Combine with other sets
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