Flashcards: Honors Geography Final SLHS

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collinshistory on January 8, 2009

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tyoshida13 : everything
nvo13 : Five Pillars
nvo13 : believe in one god
nvo13 : prayer
Jmoua06 : like do we need text books
nvo13 : alms-charity
nvo13 : fasting and pilgrimage
nvo13 : it's in your notes
tyoshida13 : probably not its most likely gonna be on all our notes
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Flashcards: Honors Geography Final SLHS

Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
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Definitions

Arithmetic Density The total number of people divided by the total land area
Physiological Density The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
Hearth The region in which innovative ideas originate
Relocation Diffusion The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another
Expansion Diffusion The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process
Hierarchical Diffusion The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places
Contagious Diffusion The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
Stimulus Diffusion the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected
Absolute Direction a compass direction such as north or south
Dispersion the spatial property of being scattered about over an area or volume
Concentration The spread of something over a given area
Absolute Distance The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer.
Relative Distance A measure of distance using known locations and direction in reference to other known locations.
Distribution The arrangement of something across Earth's surface
Environmental Determinism An earlier approach to the study of geography. It was the study of how physical environment caused human activities
Absolute Location location of places with respect to a fixed grid or reference system such as latitude and longitude
Relative Location a location of a place in relationship to the features around it
Site The physical Character of a place
Situation The location of a place relative to other places
Centralized Pattern clustered or concentrated at a certain place
Random Pattern no specific order or logic behind its arrangement
Physical Attributes a quality or feature of something
Possibilism The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
Formal Region An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
Functional Region An area organized around a nodal or focal point
Vernacular Region An area that people believe to exsist as part of their cultural identity
Scale The relationship between the portion of earth being studied and the earth as a whole
Size the physical magnitude of something (how big it is)
Spatial pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space
Accessibility the ease of getting to a place; a variable quality of location
Connectivity the degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places
Network an interconnected system of things or people
Distance Decay The diminishing in importance and eventual dissappearence of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
Friction of Distance A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between 2 places.
Acculturation the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
Cultural Ecology Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.
Cultural identity the connection the people of the same culture feel with one another
Cultural Landscape a landscape that has been changed by human beings and that reflects their culture
Culture The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct traditions
Maladaptive Diffusion Diffusion of a process with negative side effects
GIS A computer system that organizes analyzes and displays geographic data
GPS A system that determines the precise position of something on earth through a series of satellite tracking stations and recievers
Latitude The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator
Equator an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles
Longitude The numbering system used to indicate the location of the meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian
Prime Meridian the meridian designated as 0 degrees longitude which passes through the royal observatory at Greenwich England
International Date Line An arc that for the most part follows 180 degree longitude although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing lands.
Map A two dimensional or flat representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it
Map Scale indicates the relationship between the distances on the actual distances on the earth.
Thematic Map shows climate, vegetation, natural resources, population density, economic activity, historical trends, movement, etc...
Statistical Map a graphic representation of elements of importance or interest pertaining to a theme
Cartogram Map A presentation of statistical data in geographical distribution on a map
Choropleth Map a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area
Isoline line connecting points on a map having some similar feature
Mental Map An internal representation of a portion of earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place,containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located
Demographic Transition Model A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
Gravity Model A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and decreases equally the further from the location.
Social Distance the extent to which members of one culture have contact with members of another culture
Dowry a sum of money given by the wife's family to the husband upon marriage
Enfranchisement a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote)
Gender a social distinction based on culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate appearance, behavior, and mental or emotional characteristics for males and females
Gender Gap A major gap in between the two genders
Infanticide kill infants of other males
Folk Culture Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
Folklore the unwritten literature (stories and proverbs and riddles and songs) of a culture
Material Culture The physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture
Nonmaterial culture ideas, knowledge and beliefs that influence people's behavior
Popular Culture widely shared beliefs, tastes, goals, and practices
Survey Systems pattern of land division used in an area
Traditional Architecture traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places
Creole A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Dialect A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
Isogloss A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
Language A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning
Language Family A collectio of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
Language Group A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relativity recent past and display relativly few differences in grammer and vocabulary
Language Subfamily a smaller group of related languages within a language family
Lingua Franca A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Multilingual using or knowing more then one language
Official Language The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents
Pidgin A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammer and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages
Toponym The name given to a portion of earth's surface
Chain migration migration of people to a specific location becasue relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Assimilation The merging of cultural traits from previously distinct cultural groups not involving biological amalgamation
Cultural Adaptation Adjusting a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language
Ethnic Cleansing Process in which more powerful group forcibly removes a less powerful one in orderto create an ethnically homogenous region
Ethnic Conflict type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country
Ethnic Enclave a small area occupies by a distinctive minority culture
Ethnic Group Belonging or deriving from the cultural racial, religious, or linguistic traditions of a people or country
Ethnic Homeland inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it
Ethnicity Identity with a group of people that share distict physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
Ethnocentrism belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group
Plural Society a society in which different cultural groupls keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions
Animism Belief that objects such as plants and stones or natural events liike thunderstorms and earthquakes have a discrete spirit and conscious life
Buddhism a religion represented by the many groups (especially in Asia) that profess various forms of the Buddhist doctrine and that venerate Buddha
Christianity a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
Confucianism the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity
Ethnic Religion a religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it
Exclave a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
Enclave an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it
Fundamentalism Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion
Hinduism A body of religious and philosophical beliefs native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation
Interfaith Boundaries boundaries between the major religions
Islam the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran
Judaism the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud
Monotheism practice of believing in one god
Polytheism practice of believing in more then one god
Mormonism the doctrines and practices of the Mormon Church based on the Book of Mormon
Reincarnation a second or new birth
Religious Conflict this is the conflicts between religions. Israel-Palestine
Sacred Space Places sacred to certain groups
Secularism secular opinion or belief, especially a system following a political or social philosophy that rejects religious faith
Sharia Law the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed
Sunni a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad
Shia the Shia believe that leader is called an imam and this "caliph/imam" should be a direct descendant of Mohammed
Taoism A Chinese philosophy in which people live a simple life in harmony with nature.
Theocracy the belief in government by divine guidance
Universalizing A religion that attempts to appeal to all people not just those living in a particular location
Annexation Legally adding land area to a city in the united states
Apartheid Laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas
Balkanize the process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units
Natural Boundary When a physical feature such as a mountain or river determine a political boundary
Physical Boundary Political Boundaries that correspond with physical features such as mountains or rivers.
Buffer State a small neutral state between two rival powers
Capital wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value
Centrifugal An attitude that tends to create separation from centralization of authority rather than pulling them together.
Centripetal An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state rather than divide them
City State A soverign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland
Colonialism Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
Core a small group of indispensable persons or things
Periphery the outside boundary or surface of something
Decolonization the action of changing from colonial to independent status
Devolution the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
Domino Theory the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
European Union an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
Frontier A zone separating two states in which neither state excersicers political control
Geopolitics the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state
Heartland the central region of a country or continent
Landlocked A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea
Law of the Sea Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.
Manifest Destiny a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)
Microstate A state that encompasses a very small land area
Nation a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity
Nation State A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
Reunification the act of coming together again
Satellite State Country controlled by a more powerful nation
Self-Determination Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
Sovereignty Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
State An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs
Stateless Nation A nationality that is not represented by a state.
Suffrage The right or privilege of voting.
Territorial Disputes Any dispute over land ownership
Compact States A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
Fragmented States A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
Elongated States A state with a long narrow shape
Perforated state a state that completely surrounds another one
Agglomeration the act of collecting in a mass
Blockbusting Illegal practice of inducing homeowners to sell their properties by telling them that a certain people of a certain race, national origin or religion are moving into the area
Central Business District The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered
Census Tract An area deliniated by the us beureau of the census for which statisitcs are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods
Centralization the act of consolidating power under a central control
Central Place Theory A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services
Colonial City City established by colonizing empires as administrative centers.
Commercialization the act of commercializing something
Concentric Zone Model A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
Counter- urbanization net migration for urban to rural areas in more developed countries
Decentralization the spread of power away from the center to local branches or governments
Ethnic Neighborhood an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background
Ghetto a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions
Globalization Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
Hinterland a remote and undeveloped area located around an urban area
Inner City the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city
Megacities cities with populations of ten million or more
Megalopolis a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns)
Multiple Nuclei Model A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities
Planned Communities A city built to a definite plan
Primate City a city that ranks first in a nation in terms of population and economy
Rank Size Rule A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
Redlining A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries
Sector Model A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors or wedges radiating out from the central business district
Segregation the act of segregating or sequestering
Slum a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions
Squatter Settlement An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
Grid a network of horizontal and vertical lines that provide coordinates for locating points on an image
Suburb a residential district located on the outskirts of a city
Suburbanization The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.
Urbanization movement of people from rural areas to cities
Solar Energy Energy generated by the Sun
Seasons The four cycles of weather and temperature
Rain Shadow an area that has little precipitation because some barrier causes the winds to lose their moisture before reaching it
Climate the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time
Weather Temperatures and climate
Continents One of the principal land masses of the earth, usually regarded as including Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.
Physical Features The physical aspect of a country or region
Equinox the time when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator, making night and day of approximately equal length all over the earth and occurring about March 21
Solstice either of the two times a year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator: about June 21, when the sun reaches its northernmost point on the celestial sphere, or about December 22, when it reaches its southernmost point.
Orographic Effect the precipitation that occurs when moist air rises up the sides of a mountain. as the air rises, it cools down and releases most of its moisture as rain or snow
Climatic Zones any of the geographical zones loosely divided according to prevailing climate and latitude
Development the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful
Energy Consumption The consuming of energy
Gross Domestic Product The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period
Gross National Product The value of the total output of goods and services produced nationally in a given period of time
Human Development Index Indicator level of the development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy
Purchasing Power Parity a measure of how many units of currency are needed in one country to buy the amount of goods and services that one unit of currency will buy in another country
Technology Gap The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment.
Technology Transfer the trading of technology from place to place
Third World The region of the world containing a high concentration of underdeveloped or emergent countries.
Acid Rain rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions combine with water
Air Pollution Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ntrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and solid particulates at a greater level then occurs in average air
Aluminum Industry manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group
Assembly Line Production workers performed a single task repetitively
Deindustrialization loss of the industrial activity in a region
Ecotourism tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature
Energy Resources Natural resources that can be converted into energy
Greenhouse Effect warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere
Infrastructure the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area
Maquiladora Mexican factorys that assemble parts to make product for export
Adaptive Strategies a group's system of economic production; key factor in shaping their culture; dependent on environment & technology
Agribusiness commercial firms that have developed w/ or stemmed out of agriculture
Agriculture the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock
Animal Domestication genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control
Collective Farm government-owned farms and employed large numbers of workers; all crops distributed by the gov't
Commercial Agriculture Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
Diffusion The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
First Agricultural Revolution 10,000 years ago achieved plant and animal domestication
Green Revolution the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity
Hunting and Gathering To chase or search for game/to bring together into one group
Outsourcing The procuring of services or products, such as the parts used in manufacturing a motor vehicle, from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs
Ozone Depletion thinning of Earth's ozone layer caused by CFC's leaking into the air and reacting chemically with the ozone, breaking the ozone molocules apart
Threshold The minimum number of people needed to support the service
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture a form of subsistance agriculture that requires larg amounts of labor to make the largest crop possible on small plots of land
Mediterranean Agriculture Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails
Mining the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth
Planned Economy an economy in which government directs the use of national resources and regulates the economy to achieve both goals and stability.
Plantation Agriculture raising a large amount of a "cash crop" for local sale or export
Renewable A resource that can be replaced in a short period of time.
Nonrenewable A resource a resource that can not be replaced within a short period of time
Second Agricultural Revolution In the 19th c. allowed a shift in work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories.
Third Agricultural Revolution currently in progress, development of genetically modified organisms
Human Geography concentrates on patterns of human activity and on their relationships with the environment.
Region an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
Space the physical gap or interval between two objects
Place a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character
Cartography the science of making maps
Density The frequency with which something exists withen a given unit
Pattern The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area
Remote Sensing The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
Projection The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.
Mercator Projection true shapes of landmasses but distorts the size
Land Ordinance of 1785 A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
Space Time Compression The reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
Location The position of anything on Earth's surface.
Life Expectancy Average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
Ecumene The portion of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Landforms shape on Earth's surface, such as hills and mountains
Internal Migration Permanent movement within a particular country
Natural Increase Rate The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as a crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Crude Birth Rate The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Crude Death Rate The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Fertility Rate the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime
Population Density the number of individuals per unit area
Doubling Rate numbers that it takes a population to double in size
Population Pyramid A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
Push Factors Factors that induce people to leave old residences.
Pull Factors Factors that induce people to move to a new location.
Brain Drain Large-scale emigration by talented people
Quotas In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
Guest Workers Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of in search of higher-paying jobs.
Emigrate Migration from a location
Migration Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location
5 Pillars of Islam the principles by which Muslims live their lives
Caste System a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity
Ethnic Diversity Differences among groups of people based on their origins, languages, customs, or beliefs
Nationalism Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality
Multinational State state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
Altaic Language a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe
Multi-ethnic State Sate that contains more than one ethnicity.
Agricultural Density The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
Overpopulation the number of people in an area exceeds that capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Land Area the amount of land inside the borders of a state or country
Prorupted State an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
More Developed Countries (MDC) a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development
Less Developed Countries (LDC) a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development
Economic Sector a segment or section of an economy, such as farming, manufacturing, mining, and transportation
Pastoral Nomad A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
Industrial Revolution A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
Teritary Sector the portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities.
Sector Model A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).
Consolidation something that has consolidated into a compact mass
Resource A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
Biomass Fuel Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste
Fossil Fuel energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.
Infant Mortality Rate the number of deaths in the first year of life for every 1,000 live births
Immigration migration to a new location
Population the people who inhabit a territory or state
One Child Policy Act in China that allows people to have only 1 child in the city and 2 children in the countryside created in 1980
Fractional Scale The ratio between two sets of dimensions.
Graphic Scale A ruler printed on the map and is used to convert distances on the map to actual ground distances
Projection Scale A method of representing the surface of a sphere or other shape on a plane.
Robinson Map Projections A map projection of a world map, which shows the entire world at once
Goode's Homolosine Projection Shows continents but distorts ocean
Gnomic Projection displays all great circles as straight lines
Population Momentum built-in potential for population growth due to a large number of individuals entering reproductive age
Stationary Population Pyramid A population pyramid typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality
Constrictive Population pyramid population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people
Expansive Population Pyramid A population pyramid showing a broad base, indicating a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people
Supranational Organization Extending beyond or transcending established borders or spheres of influence held by separate nations:
Core-periphery Model maintained that the world can be divided into four types of region.
Von Thunen's model Model which shows the location of agriculture in regard to a commercial economy that is similar to the concentric model
1st Pillar of Islam There is no other God except Allah, and Muhammad is His Messenger."
2nd Pillar of Islam Pray 5 times a day toward Mecca
3rd Pillar of Islam giving alms to the poor
4th Pillar of Islam Ritual fast during the holy month of Ramadan
5th Pillar of Islam Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca
Four ways to define a location 1. Place Name
2. Site
3. Situation
4. Mathematical Location
Forms of Map Scale 1. Fractional
2. Written
3. Graphic
1st Stage of the Demographic Transition Model Birth rate and Death Rate Low.
Natural Increase Rate Low
Stone Age Period of Development
2nd Stage of the Demographic Transition Model Birth Rate High.
Death Rate Declining
Natural Increase Rate High
Less Developed Country
3rd Stage of the Demographic Transition Model Birth Rate Declining.
Death Rate Low
Natural Increase Rate Moderate
Developing Country
4th Stage of the Demographic Transition Model Birth Rate and Death Rate Low
Natural Increase Rate Low
Zero Population Growth
More Developed Country

Set Champions

Scatter Champion

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Space Race Champion

300 points by nvo13