Flashcards: Honors Geography Final SLHS
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collinshistory on January 8, 2009
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All 320 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Arithmetic Density | The total number of people divided by the total land area |
| Physiological Density | The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture |
| Hearth | The region in which innovative ideas originate |
| Relocation Diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another |
| Expansion Diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places |
| Contagious Diffusion | The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population |
| Stimulus Diffusion | the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected |
| Absolute Direction | a compass direction such as north or south |
| Dispersion | the spatial property of being scattered about over an area or volume |
| Concentration | The spread of something over a given area |
| Absolute Distance | The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer. |
| Relative Distance | A measure of distance using known locations and direction in reference to other known locations. |
| Distribution | The arrangement of something across Earth's surface |
| Environmental Determinism | An earlier approach to the study of geography. It was the study of how physical environment caused human activities |
| Absolute Location | location of places with respect to a fixed grid or reference system such as latitude and longitude |
| Relative Location | a location of a place in relationship to the features around it |
| Site | The physical Character of a place |
| Situation | The location of a place relative to other places |
| Centralized Pattern | clustered or concentrated at a certain place |
| Random Pattern | no specific order or logic behind its arrangement |
| Physical Attributes | a quality or feature of something |
| Possibilism | The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives |
| Formal Region | An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics |
| Functional Region | An area organized around a nodal or focal point |
| Vernacular Region | An area that people believe to exsist as part of their cultural identity |
| Scale | The relationship between the portion of earth being studied and the earth as a whole |
| Size | the physical magnitude of something (how big it is) |
| Spatial | pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space |
| Accessibility | the ease of getting to a place; a variable quality of location |
| Connectivity | the degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places |
| Network | an interconnected system of things or people |
| Distance Decay | The diminishing in importance and eventual dissappearence of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin |
| Friction of Distance | A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between 2 places. |
| Acculturation | the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture |
| Cultural Ecology | Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships. |
| Cultural identity | the connection the people of the same culture feel with one another |
| Cultural Landscape | a landscape that has been changed by human beings and that reflects their culture |
| Culture | The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct traditions |
| Maladaptive Diffusion | Diffusion of a process with negative side effects |
| GIS | A computer system that organizes analyzes and displays geographic data |
| GPS | A system that determines the precise position of something on earth through a series of satellite tracking stations and recievers |
| Latitude | The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator |
| Equator | an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles |
| Longitude | The numbering system used to indicate the location of the meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian |
| Prime Meridian | the meridian designated as 0 degrees longitude which passes through the royal observatory at Greenwich England |
| International Date Line | An arc that for the most part follows 180 degree longitude although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing lands. |
| Map | A two dimensional or flat representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it |
| Map Scale | indicates the relationship between the distances on the actual distances on the earth. |
| Thematic Map | shows climate, vegetation, natural resources, population density, economic activity, historical trends, movement, etc... |
| Statistical Map | a graphic representation of elements of importance or interest pertaining to a theme |
| Cartogram Map | A presentation of statistical data in geographical distribution on a map |
| Choropleth Map | a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area |
| Isoline | line connecting points on a map having some similar feature |
| Mental Map | An internal representation of a portion of earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place,containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located |
| Demographic Transition Model | A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time. |
| Gravity Model | A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and decreases equally the further from the location. |
| Social Distance | the extent to which members of one culture have contact with members of another culture |
| Dowry | a sum of money given by the wife's family to the husband upon marriage |
| Enfranchisement | a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote) |
| Gender | a social distinction based on culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate appearance, behavior, and mental or emotional characteristics for males and females |
| Gender Gap | A major gap in between the two genders |
| Infanticide | kill infants of other males |
| Folk Culture | Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. |
| Folklore | the unwritten literature (stories and proverbs and riddles and songs) of a culture |
| Material Culture | The physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture |
| Nonmaterial culture | ideas, knowledge and beliefs that influence people's behavior |
| Popular Culture | widely shared beliefs, tastes, goals, and practices |
| Survey Systems | pattern of land division used in an area |
| Traditional Architecture | traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places |
| Creole | A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated |
| Dialect | A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation |
| Isogloss | A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate |
| Language | A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning |
| Language Family | A collectio of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history |
| Language Group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relativity recent past and display relativly few differences in grammer and vocabulary |
| Language Subfamily | a smaller group of related languages within a language family |
| Lingua Franca | A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages |
| Multilingual | using or knowing more then one language |
| Official Language | The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents |
| Pidgin | A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammer and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages |
| Toponym | The name given to a portion of earth's surface |
| Chain migration | migration of people to a specific location becasue relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there |
| Assimilation | The merging of cultural traits from previously distinct cultural groups not involving biological amalgamation |
| Cultural Adaptation | Adjusting a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language |
| Ethnic Cleansing | Process in which more powerful group forcibly removes a less powerful one in orderto create an ethnically homogenous region |
| Ethnic Conflict | type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country |
| Ethnic Enclave | a small area occupies by a distinctive minority culture |
| Ethnic Group | Belonging or deriving from the cultural racial, religious, or linguistic traditions of a people or country |
| Ethnic Homeland | inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it |
| Ethnicity | Identity with a group of people that share distict physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions |
| Ethnocentrism | belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group |
| Plural Society | a society in which different cultural groupls keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions |
| Animism | Belief that objects such as plants and stones or natural events liike thunderstorms and earthquakes have a discrete spirit and conscious life |
| Buddhism | a religion represented by the many groups (especially in Asia) that profess various forms of the Buddhist doctrine and that venerate Buddha |
| Christianity | a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior |
| Confucianism | the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity |
| Ethnic Religion | a religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it |
| Exclave | a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory. |
| Enclave | an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it |
| Fundamentalism | Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion |
| Hinduism | A body of religious and philosophical beliefs native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation |
| Interfaith Boundaries | boundaries between the major religions |
| Islam | the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran |
| Judaism | the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud |
| Monotheism | practice of believing in one god |
| Polytheism | practice of believing in more then one god |
| Mormonism | the doctrines and practices of the Mormon Church based on the Book of Mormon |
| Reincarnation | a second or new birth |
| Religious Conflict | this is the conflicts between religions. Israel-Palestine |
| Sacred Space | Places sacred to certain groups |
| Secularism | secular opinion or belief, especially a system following a political or social philosophy that rejects religious faith |
| Sharia Law | the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed |
| Sunni | a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad |
| Shia | the Shia believe that leader is called an imam and this "caliph/imam" should be a direct descendant of Mohammed |
| Taoism | A Chinese philosophy in which people live a simple life in harmony with nature. |
| Theocracy | the belief in government by divine guidance |
| Universalizing | A religion that attempts to appeal to all people not just those living in a particular location |
| Annexation | Legally adding land area to a city in the united states |
| Apartheid | Laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas |
| Balkanize | the process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units |
| Natural Boundary | When a physical feature such as a mountain or river determine a political boundary |
| Physical Boundary | Political Boundaries that correspond with physical features such as mountains or rivers. |
| Buffer State | a small neutral state between two rival powers |
| Capital | wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value |
| Centrifugal | An attitude that tends to create separation from centralization of authority rather than pulling them together. |
| Centripetal | An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state rather than divide them |
| City State | A soverign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland |
| Colonialism | Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory |
| Core | a small group of indispensable persons or things |
| Periphery | the outside boundary or surface of something |
| Decolonization | the action of changing from colonial to independent status |
| Devolution | the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states |
| Domino Theory | the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control |
| European Union | an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members |
| Frontier | A zone separating two states in which neither state excersicers political control |
| Geopolitics | the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state |
| Heartland | the central region of a country or continent |
| Landlocked | A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea |
| Law of the Sea | Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources. |
| Manifest Destiny | a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God) |
| Microstate | A state that encompasses a very small land area |
| Nation | a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity |
| Nation State | A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality |
| Reunification | the act of coming together again |
| Satellite State | Country controlled by a more powerful nation |
| Self-Determination | Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves |
| Sovereignty | Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states |
| State | An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs |
| Stateless Nation | A nationality that is not represented by a state. |
| Suffrage | The right or privilege of voting. |
| Territorial Disputes | Any dispute over land ownership |
| Compact States | A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly |
| Fragmented States | A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory |
| Elongated States | A state with a long narrow shape |
| Perforated state | a state that completely surrounds another one |
| Agglomeration | the act of collecting in a mass |
| Blockbusting | Illegal practice of inducing homeowners to sell their properties by telling them that a certain people of a certain race, national origin or religion are moving into the area |
| Central Business District | The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered |
| Census Tract | An area deliniated by the us beureau of the census for which statisitcs are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods |
| Centralization | the act of consolidating power under a central control |
| Central Place Theory | A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services |
| Colonial City | City established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. |
| Commercialization | the act of commercializing something |
| Concentric Zone Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings |
| Counter- urbanization | net migration for urban to rural areas in more developed countries |
| Decentralization | the spread of power away from the center to local branches or governments |
| Ethnic Neighborhood | an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background |
| Ghetto | a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions |
| Globalization | Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope |
| Hinterland | a remote and undeveloped area located around an urban area |
| Inner City | the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city |
| Megacities | cities with populations of ten million or more |
| Megalopolis | a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns) |
| Multiple Nuclei Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities |
| Planned Communities | A city built to a definite plan |
| Primate City | a city that ranks first in a nation in terms of population and economy |
| Rank Size Rule | A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement |
| Redlining | A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries |
| Sector Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors or wedges radiating out from the central business district |
| Segregation | the act of segregating or sequestering |
| Slum | a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions |
| Squatter Settlement | An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. |
| Grid | a network of horizontal and vertical lines that provide coordinates for locating points on an image |
| Suburb | a residential district located on the outskirts of a city |
| Suburbanization | The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe. |
| Urbanization | movement of people from rural areas to cities |
| Solar Energy | Energy generated by the Sun |
| Seasons | The four cycles of weather and temperature |
| Rain Shadow | an area that has little precipitation because some barrier causes the winds to lose their moisture before reaching it |
| Climate | the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time |
| Weather | Temperatures and climate |
| Continents | One of the principal land masses of the earth, usually regarded as including Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. |
| Physical Features | The physical aspect of a country or region |
| Equinox | the time when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator, making night and day of approximately equal length all over the earth and occurring about March 21 |
| Solstice | either of the two times a year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator: about June 21, when the sun reaches its northernmost point on the celestial sphere, or about December 22, when it reaches its southernmost point. |
| Orographic Effect | the precipitation that occurs when moist air rises up the sides of a mountain. as the air rises, it cools down and releases most of its moisture as rain or snow |
| Climatic Zones | any of the geographical zones loosely divided according to prevailing climate and latitude |
| Development | the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful |
| Energy Consumption | The consuming of energy |
| Gross Domestic Product | The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period |
| Gross National Product | The value of the total output of goods and services produced nationally in a given period of time |
| Human Development Index | Indicator level of the development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy |
| Purchasing Power Parity | a measure of how many units of currency are needed in one country to buy the amount of goods and services that one unit of currency will buy in another country |
| Technology Gap | The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment. |
| Technology Transfer | the trading of technology from place to place |
| Third World | The region of the world containing a high concentration of underdeveloped or emergent countries. |
| Acid Rain | rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions combine with water |
| Air Pollution | Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ntrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and solid particulates at a greater level then occurs in average air |
| Aluminum Industry | manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group |
| Assembly Line Production | workers performed a single task repetitively |
| Deindustrialization | loss of the industrial activity in a region |
| Ecotourism | tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature |
| Energy Resources | Natural resources that can be converted into energy |
| Greenhouse Effect | warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere |
| Infrastructure | the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area |
| Maquiladora | Mexican factorys that assemble parts to make product for export |
| Adaptive Strategies | a group's system of economic production; key factor in shaping their culture; dependent on environment & technology |
| Agribusiness | commercial firms that have developed w/ or stemmed out of agriculture |
| Agriculture | the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock |
| Animal Domestication | genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control |
| Collective Farm | government-owned farms and employed large numbers of workers; all crops distributed by the gov't |
| Commercial Agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. |
| Diffusion | The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time |
| First Agricultural Revolution | 10,000 years ago achieved plant and animal domestication |
| Green Revolution | the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity |
| Hunting and Gathering | To chase or search for game/to bring together into one group |
| Outsourcing | The procuring of services or products, such as the parts used in manufacturing a motor vehicle, from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs |
| Ozone Depletion | thinning of Earth's ozone layer caused by CFC's leaking into the air and reacting chemically with the ozone, breaking the ozone molocules apart |
| Threshold | The minimum number of people needed to support the service |
| Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | a form of subsistance agriculture that requires larg amounts of labor to make the largest crop possible on small plots of land |
| Mediterranean Agriculture | Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails |
| Mining | the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth |
| Planned Economy | an economy in which government directs the use of national resources and regulates the economy to achieve both goals and stability. |
| Plantation Agriculture | raising a large amount of a "cash crop" for local sale or export |
| Renewable | A resource that can be replaced in a short period of time. |
| Nonrenewable | A resource a resource that can not be replaced within a short period of time |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | In the 19th c. allowed a shift in work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories. |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | currently in progress, development of genetically modified organisms |
| Human Geography | concentrates on patterns of human activity and on their relationships with the environment. |
| Region | an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features. |
| Space | the physical gap or interval between two objects |
| Place | a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character |
| Cartography | the science of making maps |
| Density | The frequency with which something exists withen a given unit |
| Pattern | The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area |
| Remote Sensing | The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods. |
| Projection | The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map. |
| Mercator Projection | true shapes of landmasses but distorts the size |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. |
| Space Time Compression | The reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems |
| Location | The position of anything on Earth's surface. |
| Life Expectancy | Average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. |
| Ecumene | The portion of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement |
| Landforms | shape on Earth's surface, such as hills and mountains |
| Internal Migration | Permanent movement within a particular country |
| Natural Increase Rate | The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as a crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. |
| Crude Birth Rate | The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society |
| Crude Death Rate | The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. |
| Fertility Rate | the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime |
| Population Density | the number of individuals per unit area |
| Doubling Rate | numbers that it takes a population to double in size |
| Population Pyramid | A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. |
| Push Factors | Factors that induce people to leave old residences. |
| Pull Factors | Factors that induce people to move to a new location. |
| Brain Drain | Large-scale emigration by talented people |
| Quotas | In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year |
| Guest Workers | Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of in search of higher-paying jobs. |
| Emigrate | Migration from a location |
| Migration | Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location |
| 5 Pillars of Islam | the principles by which Muslims live their lives |
| Caste System | a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity |
| Ethnic Diversity | Differences among groups of people based on their origins, languages, customs, or beliefs |
| Nationalism | Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality |
| Multinational State | state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. |
| Altaic Language | a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe |
| Multi-ethnic State | Sate that contains more than one ethnicity. |
| Agricultural Density | The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture. |
| Overpopulation | the number of people in an area exceeds that capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. |
| Land Area | the amount of land inside the borders of a state or country |
| Prorupted State | an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension |
| More Developed Countries (MDC) | a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development |
| Less Developed Countries (LDC) | a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development |
| Economic Sector | a segment or section of an economy, such as farming, manufacturing, mining, and transportation |
| Pastoral Nomad | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals |
| Industrial Revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods |
| Teritary Sector | the portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities. |
| Sector Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD). |
| Consolidation | something that has consolidated into a compact mass |
| Resource | A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use. |
| Biomass Fuel | Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste |
| Fossil Fuel | energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago. |
| Infant Mortality Rate | the number of deaths in the first year of life for every 1,000 live births |
| Immigration | migration to a new location |
| Population | the people who inhabit a territory or state |
| One Child Policy | Act in China that allows people to have only 1 child in the city and 2 children in the countryside created in 1980 |
| Fractional Scale | The ratio between two sets of dimensions. |
| Graphic Scale | A ruler printed on the map and is used to convert distances on the map to actual ground distances |
| Projection Scale | A method of representing the surface of a sphere or other shape on a plane. |
| Robinson Map Projections | A map projection of a world map, which shows the entire world at once |
| Goode's Homolosine Projection | Shows continents but distorts ocean |
| Gnomic Projection | displays all great circles as straight lines |
| Population Momentum | built-in potential for population growth due to a large number of individuals entering reproductive age |
| Stationary Population Pyramid | A population pyramid typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality |
| Constrictive Population pyramid | population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people |
| Expansive Population Pyramid | A population pyramid showing a broad base, indicating a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people |
| Supranational Organization | Extending beyond or transcending established borders or spheres of influence held by separate nations: |
| Core-periphery Model | maintained that the world can be divided into four types of region. |
| Von Thunen's model | Model which shows the location of agriculture in regard to a commercial economy that is similar to the concentric model |
| 1st Pillar of Islam | There is no other God except Allah, and Muhammad is His Messenger." |
| 2nd Pillar of Islam | Pray 5 times a day toward Mecca |
| 3rd Pillar of Islam | giving alms to the poor |
| 4th Pillar of Islam | Ritual fast during the holy month of Ramadan |
| 5th Pillar of Islam | Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca |
| Four ways to define a location | 1. Place Name 2. Site 3. Situation 4. Mathematical Location |
| Forms of Map Scale | 1. Fractional 2. Written 3. Graphic |
| 1st Stage of the Demographic Transition Model | Birth rate and Death Rate Low. Natural Increase Rate Low Stone Age Period of Development |
| 2nd Stage of the Demographic Transition Model | Birth Rate High. Death Rate Declining Natural Increase Rate High Less Developed Country |
| 3rd Stage of the Demographic Transition Model | Birth Rate Declining. Death Rate Low Natural Increase Rate Moderate Developing Country |
| 4th Stage of the Demographic Transition Model | Birth Rate and Death Rate Low Natural Increase Rate Low Zero Population Growth More Developed Country |
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