| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Helen Hunt Jackson | A Century of Dishonor |
| Battle of Wounded Knee | "Ghost Dance" stamped out by federal troops & marks end of Indian Wars |
| Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 | dissolved legal entities of all tribes, but if Indians were "good", they could get full US citizenship in 25 yrs. and full title to holdings |
| "Long Drive" | Texas cowboys herded cattle to railroad terminals -- feeder of slaughterhouses |
| Samuel Glidden | inventer of barbed wire |
| Homestead Act of 1862 | allowed as much as 160 acres of land ...in return, live on land for 5 yrs, improve it, pay nominal fee of $30 [or get land after 6 months for $1.25/acre] |
| Frederick Jackson Turner | "The Significance of the Frontier in American History": American needed a frontier [inspired by "closing of frontier"] |
| "safety valve theory" | unemployed go West and become farmers |
| Greenback Labor Party | attracted farmers ;; elected 14 Congress members ;; ran General James B. Weaver |
| National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange) 1867 | founded by Oliver H. Kelley ;; improve lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, fraternal activities |
| Farmer's Alliance (late 1870s) | sought to overthrow chains from banks & railroads that bound them ;; aimed at land owners, ignoring tenant farmers & excluded blacks ;; agreed on nationalization of railroads, abolitioins of national banks, graduated income tax, federal sub-treasury |
| 1st Transcontinental Line | Union Pacific Railroad & Central Pacific Railroad -- completed near Ogden, Utah (1869) |
| railroad advancements | steel rail, Westinghouse air brake, Pullman Palace cars, telegraphs, double-racking, block signals |
| railroads' good impacts | stitched nation together, huge market, jobs, industrialization of America --> mining & agriculture in West, 4 time-zones, helped ppl settle in West, maker of millionaires & millionaire class |
| Jay Gould | embezzled stocks |
| "stock watering" | over-inflate worth of stocks & sell at huge profits |
| pools (trusts) | joining of companies and sharing profits |
| Interstate Commerce Act (1887) | banned rebates and pools ;; required railroads to openly publish rates and forbade discrimmination against shippers, banned charging more for short haul than long one, set up INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION |
| inventions | cash register, stock ticker, typewriter, refrigerator car, electric railway, telephone, light bulb |
| vertical integration | controlled all aspects of industry (used by Carnegie) |
| horizontal integration | allied w/ competitors to monopolize given market (used by Rockefeller) |
| interlocking directorates | placed own men on boards of directors of rival competitors (used by Morgan) |
| William Kelly | discovered Bessemer process |
| John D. Rockefeller | OIL ;; organized Standard Oil Co. |
| Gospel of Wealth | some ppl destined to be rich and is moral responsiblity to help society w/ money |
| Russell Conwell | "Acres of Diamonds" sermons |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without distinction of "good" or "bad" trusts |
| methods used to prevent unionization | hiring strikebreakers, ask courts to order to cease strikes, bring in troops, "lockouts", "ironclad oaths", "yellow dog contracts", blacklists |
| National Labor Union (1866) | lasted 6 yrs ;; excluded Chinese, blacks, women ;; arbitration of industrial disputes & 8-hr workday |
| Knights of Labor (1869) | barred liquor dealer, gamblers, lawyers, bankers, stockbrokers ;; economic & social reform ;; led by Terence V. Powderly |
| Haymarket Square | May 4, 1886 ;; Chicago police vs. KofL ;; bomb ;; 8 anarchists sentenced |
| American Federation of Labor (1866) | Samuel Gompers ;; better wages, hours, working condtions ;; skilled & unskilled laboreres |
| Louis Sullivan | architect of skyscrapers |
| Theodore Dreiser | Sister Carrie |
| "birds of passage" | immigrants who stay in U.S. for short time and return with money to Europe |
| Hull House | founded by Jane Addams ;; taught skills & knowledge, child care, social reforms, women activism |
| Lillian Ward | Henry Street Settlement in NY (1893) |
| Florence Kelley | fought for protection of women workers & against child labor |
| "nativism" | "native" Americans blamed new immigrations for degradation of urban gov't ;; trade unionists hated them for working for low wages & bringing in dangerous doctrines |
| American Protective Association | against new immigrants & tried to stop them |
| Dwight Lyman Moody | Moody Bible Institute (1889) founded in Chicago |
| Mary Baker Eddy | Church of Christ ;; Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875) |
| Chautauqua Movement (1874) | public lectures --> education |
| Booker T. Washington | ex-slave who headed industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama ;; avoided social equality (Blacks helping themselves first), George Washington Carver was student |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | founded National Assoication for Advancement of Colored People in 1910 |
| Morrill Act (1862) & Hatch Act (1887) | grant of public lands to state / federal funds for establishments of agricultural experiment stations |
| William James | Principles of Psychology (1890), The Will to Believe (1897), Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), Pragmatism (1907) |
| "yellow journalism" | wild & fantastic stories about sex & scandal |
| Associated Press (1840s) | helped to offset some bad journalism |
| Edwin L. Godkin | New York Nation (1865) |
| Henry George | Progress and Poverty (graduated income tax) |
| Edward Bellamy | Looking Backward (1888) |
| dime novels | stories about Wild West and other romantic settings |
| General Lewis Wallace | Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ |
| Walt Whitman | Leaves of Grass |
| Kate Chopin | The Awakening |
| Mark Twain | The Adventures of Tom Sawyer/Huckleberry Finn, The Gilded Age, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County |
| Stephen Crane | Maggie: Girl of the Street, The Red Badge of Courage |
| Henry James | Dasiy Miller, Portrait of a Lady |
| Jack London | The Call of the Wild, The Iron Heel |
| Frank Norris | The Octopus |
| Victoria Woodhull & Tennessee Chaflin | Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly |
| Anthony Comstock | war on the "immoral" |
| Charlotte Perkins Gilman | Women and Economics |
| National American Suffrage Association (1890) | led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | led women activists ;; General Federation of Women's Clubs |
| Ida Wells | formed National Association of Colored Women |
| Women's Christian Temperance Union | Frances E. Willard & Carrie A. Nation |
| Mary Cassatt | portraits of women and children |
| George Inness | leading landscapist |
| Thomas Eakins | realist painter |
| Winslow Homer | most famous & greatest painter |
| Augustus Saint-Gaudens | made Robert Gould Savo memorial |
| Phineas T. Barnum & James A. Bailey | "Greatest Show on Earth" (1881) ;; Wild West shows |
Combine with other sets
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