| Term | Definition |
|---|
| genetic engineering | changing a certain genome, and has been used since the 1970's. |
| selective breeding | breeding based on traits that you want to pass on, while not selecting negative characteristics |
| hybridization | cross breeding of dissimilar characteristics |
| inbreeding | breeding of similar characteristics |
| variation | the genetic diversity within a population |
| sources of variation | mutations, crossing over of the tetrads, meiosis I |
| restriction enzymes | enzymes that cut the DNA at specific sequences resulting in sticky ends. they are important because they cut the same way on every organism, so that different pieces of DNA can be put together in the way that you want. They are used during genetic engineering. |
| DNA extraction | grinding the cells up, and separating the different components. |
| gel electrophoresis | a procedure used to separate DNA fragments according to size. |
| the process of gel electrophoresis | put DNA in wells and put a electric current through the buffer. The DNA fragments will be attracted to the positive end of the gel, as they are negatively charged. Smaller fragments will move faster than larger fragments. |
| DNA sequencing | reading the sequences of dna bases along the length of dna (only one strand is read) |
| DNA sequencing process | take four bases and label them with different colors and attach them to the sequence of interest. run the whole thing on a gel and read the different colors. |
| PCR | amplifying a single or a few copies of a DNA region, exponentially generating millions or more copies of the DNA piece. There is a higher chance of putting it into your target. |
| transforming cells | In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake, genomic incorporation, and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA |
| genetic markers | anything that has a known locus in the genome, so you can figure out the location of an unknown gene by figuring out how far away an unkown gene is from the known gene. |
| nuclear injection | take a tiny needle and inject DNA straight into the nucleus. |
| transgenic organism | an organism with foreign genes |
| clone | has identical nuclear DNA to another individual |
| cloning process | take an egg, take nucleus out of it. take this empty egg and fuse it with a somatic cell. begins to divide and becomes an embryo. implant it into a foster mother., |
| human genome project | this project is an attempt to sequence a human's entire genome (all of it's DNA.) |
| DNA fingerprinting | the identificatin of individuals using sections of DNA with little function but that vary wildly |
| gene therapy | inserting a functional copy of a gene into a cell with faulty copies. |
| bioethics | the philosophical study of the ethical controversies brought about by advances in biology |
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