| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Ion Channel | integral membrane proteins forming pores that mediate rapid changes in potential difference. |
| Chemical Force | due to the concentration gradient. |
| Electrical Force | due to the potential difference across the membrane. |
| Equilibrium Potential | the membrane potential at which chemical and electrical forces are balanced for a single ion. |
| Net Driving Force | the difference between Vm and Ex that indicates the magnitude and direction of the force acting on the ion. |
| Permeability | the rate (cm/s) at which ions cross a membrane. |
| Gating | the opening and closing of an ion channel. |
| Gating Stimuli | Ligand-gated, voltage-gated, phosphorylation-gated, strecth/pressure-gated. |
| Refractory State | a channel becomes less responsive to the stimulus. |
| Channelopathies | diseases that involve disorders of ion channels. |
| Patch Clamp Technique | a glass micropipette makes a seal against membrane, records all-or-none currents. |
| Ohmic Channel | conduct ions equally well in both directions. |
| Rectifying Channel | have a preference to conduct ions in one direction. |
| Na-K Pump | a membrane-bound protein that maintains the potential difference. |
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