| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Pale of settlement | permanent residence of Jews was allowed, and beyond which Jewish residence was generally prohibited |
| emancipation | efforts to obtain political rights or equality, |
| The Dreyfus affair | he conviction for treason in November 1894 of, a young French artillery officer of Jewish background |
| Czar Alexander III | engaged in anti-Semitic policies such as tightening restrictions on where Jews could live in the Pale of Settlement and restricting the occupations that Jews could attain |
| Kishiniev | is the capital and largest city of Moldova. It is also its main industrial and commercial center and is located in the center of the country, on the river Bîc. Economically, the city is the most prosperous in Moldova and is one of the main transportation hubs of the region. |
| Rabbi Yehuda Alkalai | was a Sephardic rabbi in Semlin and one of pioneers of modern Zionism, studied in Jerusalem under different rabbis and came under the influence of the Kabbalah |
| Moses Hess | secular Jewish philosopher and one of the founders of socialism. |
| Leon Pinsker | Zionist pioneer and activist, attended his father's private school in Odessa and was one of the first Jews to attend Odessa University |
| The First Aliyah | was the first modern widespread wave of Zionist aliyah. Jews who migrated to Palestine in this wave came mostly from Eastern Europe and from Yemen. |
| Chovei Zion | organizations that are considered the forerunners and foundations of the modern Zionist movement, founded the first Zionist settlement in the Land of Israel |
| Bilu | was a group of Jewish idealists aspiring to settle in the Land of Israel with the political purpose to redeem Eretz Yisrael and re-establish the Jewish State on it. |
| Rishon Lezion | founded in 1882 by Russian immigrants and was the second Jewish settlement to be formed in Israel after , |
| Baron Edmund de Rothschild | was a patron of the first settlement in Palestine, was the addressee of the Balfour Declaration, which committed the British government to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. |
| Theodor Herzl | was a Hungarian Jewish journalist who was the father of modern political Zionism. |
| Altnueland | a utopian novel published by Theodor Herzl |
| Der Judenstaat | "The Jewish State" is a book written by Theodor Herzl and published in 1896, "Proposal of a modern solution for the Jewish question", |
| Zionest congress | was held in Basle, Switzerland, which aimed at creating a Jewish State of Israel in the region then known as Palestine |
| Basle,Switzerland | The first Zionest Congress was held here |
| Uganda | place where Jews were going to have their own land instead of palestine |
| Second Aliyah | most important and influential. It took place between 1904 and 1914, during which approximately 40,000 Jews immigrated into Ottoman Palestine, mostly from Russia and Poland |
| Two Yishuv | all the Jews living there before the aliyah of 1882 by the Zionist movement and refers to those who built homes after the establishment the First Aliyah |
| Eliezer Ben Yehuda | a key figure in the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language. |
| Hashomer | was a Jewish defense organization in Palestine founded out of Bar-Giora in April 1909. Ceased to operate after the founding of the Haganah. The purpose was to provide guard services for Jewish settlements in the Yishuv |
| David Ben Gurion | first Prime Minister of Israel |
| Nili | network which assisted the United Kingdom in its fight against the Ottoman Empire in Palestine during World War |
| Transjordan | as a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine |
| Jewish Legion | was the name for five battalions of Jewish volunteers established as the British Army's 38th through 42nd Battalions |
| Zion MUle Corps | was formed in 1914-1915 during World War I, when Britain was at war against the Ottoman Turks, as Zionists around the world saw an opportunity to promote the idea of a Jewish National Homeland. |
| Ze'ev Jabotinsky | was a right-wing Revisionist Zionist leader, author, orator, soldier, and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa |
| Yosef Trumpeldore | was an early Zionist activist, notable for helping organize the Zion Mule Corps and bringing Jewish immigrants to Palestine. |
| Betar | a Revisionist Zionist youth movement founded by Ze'ev Jabotinsky |
| Irgun | Faught British and Arabs. Did not listen to World Zionist Organization. Founded By Jabotinsky. Mostly youth from Betar |
| Hagana | Helped British Faught Arab |
| Lechi | was an armed underground Zionist faction, whose goal was to forcibly evict the British authorities from Palestine, allowing unrestricted immigration of Jews and the formation of a Jewish state. |
| Balfour Declaration | An official letter from the British Foreign Office to favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people |
| Chaim Weitzman | President of the World Zionist Organization, and the first President of the State of Israel. |
| Ottoman Empire | the Turkish Empire |
| Peel Commision | was a British Royal Commission of Inquiry set out to propose changes to the British Mandate of Palestine following the outbreak of the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine |
| King David Hotel | the southern wing of this hotel was turned into a British administrative and military headquarters. In July 1946 it was blown up by the Irgun, a terrorist Zionist group led by Menachem Begin. |
| Jewish Brigade | was a jewish military formation of the British Army that served in Europe during the Second World War |
| palestinian Civil War | the Jewish and Arab communities of Palestine clashed, while the British, who supposedly had the obligation to maintain order, organized their withdrawal and intervened only on an occasional basis. |
| Einsatsgruppen | Their principal task was the annihilation of the Jews, Gypsies, and Soviet political commissars |
| Nuremberg Laws | were laws passed in Nazi Germany for racial discrimination against Jewish people. |
| Nuremberg Trials | were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany |
| Adolf Eichmann | was charged with the task of facilitating and managing the logistics of mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe. |
| White Paper | this idea was to create an independent Palestine governed by Palestinian Arabs and Jews in proportion to their numbers in the population |
| Aliya Bet | was the code name given to illegal immigration by Jews to the British Mandate of Palestine |
| Deir Yassin | Arab village blocking road to Jerusalem. Attacked by Irgun |
| UNSCOP | a british committee created to decide what to do with Palestine |
| Havlaga | was a strategic policy used by the Haganah members with regard to actions taken against Arab groups who were attacking the Jewish settlement during the British Mandate of Palestine. Its core principles were fortification and abstention from taking revenge on Arabs by attacking innocent civilians. |
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