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Thomas Hobbes human nature is prone to chaos (gov didn't like this philosophy) John Locke humans have natural rights to life, liberty and property (most similar to US gov) Charles de Montesquieu separation of powers into 3 branches: judicial, executive, legislative Jean-Jacques Rousseau a good gov has the consent of the people ("general will") Articles of Confederation US congress established; US declared a confederacy; states came together for: -common defense -liberties -general welfare; separate state soveriegnty and freedom Shay's Rebellion after rev. war during post-war recession; lead by Daniel Shays; in protest to congress taking away people's land; occurred in Springfield cemmetary Albany plan proposed by Ben Franklin; delegates for each colony; regulate trade between colonies; unity between colonies Virginia plan new gov with 3 separate branches; representation based on pop or amount of state revenue; new constitution of revised Articles of Confederation New Jersey Plan equal representation and regulated trade between states; limited taxation powers Great (Connecticut) Compromise 2 houses; 1 (based on) population, 1 (based on) equal votes for each state Three-fifths compromise slaves counted as three-fifths people (and two-fifths property); for determining the number of states votes (in the House) Federalists Spported constitution; need executive branch; strong central gov Anti-Federalists Supported Bill of Rights; feared Constitution lead to despotism within executive branch Federalist papers purpose: to convince New Yorkers to ratify constitution (written by Hamilton, Jay and Madison) Popular sovereignty (basic principal that) the people are the source of all gov power; gov can only exist with consent of the people Limited government gov has restrictions; each person has rights gov can't take away judicial review parts of checks and balances; supreme court determines whether gov act or follows the constitution dual federalism a system in which both states and national gov remain supreme within their own spheres; (each group has different jobs; a.k.a. layer cake federalism) supremacy clause all judges must follow constitution; supreme court above all other law