Biology chapter 5 & 6 review
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Created by:
chrisnorwood on September 9, 2011
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Description:
Third part of test review
Instructor Yan Du
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66 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 polymer | is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks. |
| monomers | are molecules that are small building-blocks |
| dehydration reaction | occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule |
| hydrolysis | is the process in which monomers disassemble polymers: reverse action of the dehydration reaction |
| carbohydrates | energy source, major nutrients for cells, building material |
| monosaccharide | are the simplest carbohydrates and are single sugars |
| glycogen | is a storage polysaccharide in animals. |
| disaccharide | are double sugars and is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides |
| cellulose | is a structual polysaccharide |
| polysaccharides | are carbohydrate macromolecules and are polymers composed of many sugar building blocks |
| starch | a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers |
| lipids | are hydrophobic |
| fat | energy storage |
| saturated fatty acids | have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds |
| unsaturated fatty acids | have one or more double bonds |
| phospholipid | hydrophobic tails, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head |
| phospholid | major component of all cell membranes |
| steroids | are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
| cholesterol | an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes |
| hormones | are steroids produced from cholesterol |
| proteins | have awide range of functions and are polymers constructed from 20 amino acids |
| amino acids | are organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups and are differ in their properties due to differing side chains |
| three-dimensional structure | is the structure that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein |
| primary structure | of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure | found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain (a coil called an α helix and a folded structure called a β pleated sheet |
| tertiary structure | is determined by interactions among various side chains. the interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der waals interactions and strong covalent bonds called disulfide bridges. |
| quaternary structure | results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains |
| nuleic acid | store and transmit hereditary information |
| ribosomes | is were protein synthesis occurs |
| polynucleotides | nucleic acids are polymers called |
| nucleotides | each polynucleotide is made of monomers called |
| nucleotide | each _______ consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group |
| polynucleotide | nucleotide polymers are linked together by covalent bonds to build a |
| polynucleotide | these bonds create a backbone of sugar-phosphate units with nitrogenous bases as appendages |
| hydrogen bonds | The two polynucleotides, or strands, as they are called, are held together by __________, forming a double helix |
| dna | the nitrogenous bases in ____ pair up and form hydrogen bonds: adenine (A) always with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always with cytosine (C) |
| cell | the fundamental unit of life |
| plasma membrane | is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell |
| nucleus | contains most of the dna in a eukaryotic cell. |
| nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm |
| ribosomes | use the information from the mRNA to make proteins |
| nucleolus | is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis |
| endomembrane system | regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions |
| endomembrane system | these components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles |
| smooth and rough | There are two distinct regions of er |
| smooth er | which lacks ribosomes |
| rough er | with ribosomes studding its surface |
| smooth er | synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies poison,stores calcium |
| rough er | aids in synthesis proteins and produces new membrane |
| golgi apparatus | shipping and receiving center |
| lysosome | is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules |
| vacuole | large membrane-bounded vesicle in plants: digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection. |
| mitochondria | and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another |
| mitochondria | are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that generates atp |
| chloroplasts | found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis |
| cytoskeleton | interacts with motor proteins to produce support, motility, and regulation |
| function of microtubules | Shaping the cell Guiding movement of organelles Separating chromosomes during cell division Cilia and flagella are motile appendages containing microtubules and motor proteins |
| microfilaments | Maintenance of cell shape Muscle contraction, Cell division (splitting cells, forming cleavage furrow) |
| intermediate filaments | Maintenance of cell shape |
| cellular activities | extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate_____ |
| cell walls | of plants |
| the extracellular matrix (ECM) | of animal cells：support, adhesion, movement, and regulation |
| Intercellular junctions | Plasmodesmata, desmosomes (anchoring junctions), gap junctions (communicating junctions) |
| plasmodesmata | channels in plant cell walls At tight junctions, membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid |
| desmosomes | (anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets |
| gap junctions | (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells |
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