1.
ABV DNRIs: DA and NE reuptake inhibitors
2.
ABV: NaSSAs: α2-Noradrenergic antagonists/5-HT antagonists
3.
Abv: NSRIs: NE and 5-HT Reuptake Inhibitors
4.
ABV: SARIs: 5-HT2 antagonists/5-HT2 reuptake inhibitors
5.
Abv: SNRIs: Selective NE reuptake inhibitors
6.
ABV: SRMs: 5HT receptor modulator
7.
Abv: SSRIs: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
8.
Can lithium be given to treat an acute attack in bipolar patients?: Only for the mania phase.
9.
Can preggo ladies be on lithium?: Yeah if you want their baby to be totally effed via teratogenesis . . . leading to heart malformaties etc in a developing child.
10.
Class: Amitriptyline: TCA
11.
Class: Amoxapine: Tetracyclic
12.
Class: Bupropion: Unicyclic (biphasic elimination)
13.
Class: Doxepin: TCA
14.
Class: Duloxetine: SNRI
15.
Class: Escitalopram: SSRI
16.
Class: Fluoxetine: SSRI
17.
Class: Fluvoxamine: SSRI
18.
Class: Imipramine: TCA
19.
Class: Mirtazapine: Tetracyclic
20.
Class: Nefazadone: 5-HT(2A)
21.
Class: Paroxetine: SSRI
22.
Class: Phenelzine: MAOI
23.
Class: Sertraline: SSRI
24.
Class: Tranylcypromine: MAOI
25.
Class: Trazadone: 5-HT(2A)
26.
Class: Venlafaxine: SNRI
27.
Excessive exuberance, enthusiasm, self confidence accompanied by impulsive actions often combined with irritability, impatience, aggression and sometimes delusions are symptoms of what?: MANIA!!!!!
28.
Generally speaking is plasma protein binding high or low in anti-depressants?: high
29.
Have studies shown Electrotherapy to be effective in treating depression?: Yes. But it totally effs the patient up for a long time . . . possibly even irreversibly. They can be confused and suffer memory loss for days or longer.
30.
How do MAOIs work?: They irreversibly inhibit Monoamine oxidase which is an enzyme that breaks down monoamines. So it keeps the levels higher in they body.
31.
How many members is the middle ring of TCA's?: 7 members.
32.
How many SSRI's are there?: 6. Escitalopram, Citalopram, Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Fluvoxenine, Paroxetine
33.
How to TCA's work?: They nonselectively inhibit NE and 5HT reuptake. (Technically TCA is an older term and the drugs have been further classified as some are actually more selective than we once thought).
34.
In the NET: Reuptake of NE is dependent on the cotransport of _____ and ______ and ___________ of K+: Cotransport: Na+ and Cl- (go from extracellular to intracellular with 5-HT
Intracellular stimulation of K+ (without efflux)
35.
In the SERT: Reuptake of 5-HT is dependent on the cotransport of _____ and ______ and ___________ of K+: Cotransport: Na+ and Cl- (go from extracellular to intracellular with 5-HT
Countertransport: K+ (goes from intracellular to extracellular.
36.
Misery, Apathy, pessimism, low self-esteem, retardation of thought and action, loss of libido, decrease in energy, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite are symptoms of what?: Depression and impending mercer exams.
37.
Overall, what is the most successful theory to approach treatment of depression at this stage?: Monoamine theory
38.
Should you give MAOIs concommitantly with TCAs or SSRIs?: No, serotonin syndrome.
39.
What are 3 instances that seem to fly in the face of the monoamine theory of depression?: 1. Amphetamine and Cocaine both increase synaptic NE levels, yet neither seem to effect depression states.
2. The slow onset of action suggests there may be more to it . . . some secondary cascade of events rather than the direct link.
3. Some successful treatments don't seem to have any effect on monoamines.
4. something about linkage with manic depression . . . but idk what that is supposed to mean.
40.
What are four experimental methods used to test anxiety in animals?: 1. The elevated maze
2. Conflict test (electric shock + treat)
3. Inflicting harm to the midbrain septum to induce aggressive behavior.
4. Housing rodents separately then introducing them with a stranger for a fight to the death cage match.
41.
What are some alternatives to Lithium for mood stability?: Carbamazepine and Valproate
42.
What are some less common drugs used to treat anxiety?: Barbituates, Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (mainly to reduce physical symptoms), SSRIs, NSRIs.
43.
What are the two types of affective disorders?: Depression and Mania
44.
What class are Phenelzine, Tranycypromine, and Isocarboxazid?: MAOIs
45.
What does reserpine do?: Inhibits storage of NE and 5HT thus decreasing levels available and depressing manic state patients.
46.
What drug is used to treat bipolar episodes prophylactically?: Lithium
47.
What happens with MAOIs and Meperidine?: hyperpyrexia
48.
What is "cheese reaction"?: Tyramines found in fermenting cheese, which are normally digested by MAO in the gut and liver are not broken down by patients on MAOIs and build up causing hypertension giving severe headaches and can lead to intracranial hemorrhage
49.
What is a drug used to simulate depression in animals?: Reserpine (it depletes monoamine levels)
50.
What is serotonin syndrome and what can cause this?: Too much serotonin in the synapse can cause tremors, hyperthemria, cardio collapse and death. SSRI in combo with an MAOI.
51.
What is the black box warning on antidepressants?: Increases risk of suicide for patients under 25.
52.
What is the correlation between genetic inheritance of unipolar and bipolar depression?: Both can be, but it is much rarer in unipolar where it is common in bipolar.
53.
What is the name of the pharmacophore for TCA's?: Iminodiabenzyl
54.
What is the Neurotrophic hypothesis?: Theory that depression can be caused by a lack of neurotrophic support (underdeveloped neurons). BDNF is a protein responsible for developing neurons so when these levels are low, neurons are underdeveloped and evidence for correlation of this with depression is mounting.
55.
What is the theory that depression is caused by a functional deficit of (5-HT, NE, DA) at certain sites in the brain?: Monoamine theory of depression
56.
What tests are used to investigate new anti-depressant drugs?: Tail Suspension Test (mice only)
Forced Swim Test
57.
What two classes of drugs are most commonly used to treat anxiety?: Benzodiazepines (1st)
5-HT(1A) receptor agonists (2nd) (Newer, doesnt produce sedation like benzos)
58.
Which class of drug has the MoA of inhibiting SERT?: SSRI
59.
Which subtype MAO prefers NE and 5HT as a substrate?: Type A
(both A and B hit DA)
60.
With Unipolar depression what is the spread of endogenous depression versus non-familial reactive depression?: 25% endogenous (no external stress factor), 75% reactive (caused by stressful life event triggers).
61.
WTF is BDNF?: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, it is a protein related to nerve growth.
