Chapter 5
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93 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Symbiosis | an intimate association between individuals from two species; used as a synonym for mutualism |
| endosymbiosis | a relationship in which one organism lives within the body of another, and both benefit from the relationship. |
| Multicellular organisms | organisms that are made up of many cells that work together |
| Specialized | having one particular use |
| Tissues | groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism |
| Organs | a structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions |
| Locomotor appendages | Flagella & Cilia (External) |
| cilia | short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell |
| Flagella | structure used to propel the organism through a fluid environment |
| Microtubules | Long hallow turbe in eukaryotic cells; maintain the shape of the cell and transport substances from one part of the cell to another; involved in sparating chromosomes in mitosis. |
| 9 + 2 arrangement | ... |
| Glycocalyx | Structural adaptation; sticky carbohydrate based covering; allows bacteria to stick to the surface of host cells; allows bacteria to become "invisible" to leukocytes |
| Cell wall | strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria |
| Cellulose | A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms; one of the most common substances on earth |
| Pectin | Sticky polysaccharide that glues cells together and serves as a thickening agent for human food |
| Mannans | supresses lymphoblast formation and inhibits keratinocyte proliferation |
| Silicon Dioxide | it makes up a large part of many rocks and minerals.Most grains of sand are almost 100% of this. Consists of a network of atoms |
| Calcium carbonate | a salt found in nature as chalk or calcite or aragonite or limestone. |
| Cytoplasmic membrane | lipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm of bacterial cells |
| Phospholipids | a lipid that compose a major structural component in cell membranes |
| Sterols | ... |
| Nucleus | ... |
| Nuclear envelope | The membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. |
| Nuclear pores | structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm |
| Nucleoplasm | ... |
| Nucleolus | A granular mass containing RNA that is contained within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. |
| Chromatin | The genetic material of the nucleus. Chromatin is made up of nucleic acid and stains readily with certain dyes. |
| Chromosome | The tightly coiled bodies in cells that are primary sites of genes |
| Mitisos | Somatic cell divison that preserves the somatic chromosome number |
| Meiosis | (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | organelle in the cytoplasm that moves materials around in a cell and is made up of a complex series of folded membranes; can be rough or smooth |
| RER | Used in transport and storage, Large numbers of ribosomes, partly attached to the membrane, give the rough appearance |
| SER | Mictoscopic series of tunnels lacking ribosomes that functions in the nutrient processing function of a cell |
| Golgi complex | an organelle of eukaryotes that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell. |
| Transitional vesicles | ER buds of membrane bound packets of protein that are picked up by the golgi apparatus |
| Condensing vesicles | golgi pinches off these vessicles that become lysosomes or transported outside the cell |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
| Vacuoles | saclike structures found in the cytoplasm that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production |
| Cristae | Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that is the site of the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation |
| Matrix | The dense ground sunstance between the cristae of a mitochondrion that serves as a site for metabolic reactions |
| Chloroplasts | organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis |
| Thylakoids | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
| Stroma | the matrix of the chloroplast that is the site of the dark reactions |
| Photosynthesis | a process occurring in plants, algae, and some bacteria that traps the suns energy and converts it to ATP in the cell. |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
| Microfilaments | Cellular cytoskeleton element formed by thin protein stands that attach to the cell membrane and form a network through the cytoplasm. Responsible for movement of cytoplasm |
| Amoeboid motion | a crawling type of movement caused by the flow of cytoplasm into plasma membrane projections; typical of the amoebozoans |
| Pseudopods | A "false foot" or temporary bulge of cytoplasm used for feeding and movement in some protozoans. |
| Ribosomes | non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis |
| Protein synthesis | forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA |
| Fungi | kingdom of macroscopic or microscopic heterotrophs that obtain nutrients through absorption, can be uni- or multicellular |
| Kingdom Myceteae | fungi: yeasts, molds |
| Yeast | any of various single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually by budding or division |
| pseudohyphae | a chain of easily separated, spherical to sausage-shaped yeast cells partitioned by constrictions rather than by septa |
| Molds | a type of fungus that consists of chains of cells and appears as a fuzzy mass of thin filaments in culture |
| Hyphae | The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of Multicellular fungi. |
| Dimorphic | can take either form of fungi (hyphae or yeast) depending upon growth conditions, such as temperature. |
| Substrate | a specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme |
| Saprobe | a microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms. |
| Mycoses | A disease caused by a fungus |
| Mycelium | The filamentous mass that makes up a mold. Composed of hyphae |
| Non-septate hyphae | have one long continuous cell that is not divided in which the cytoplasm and organelles move freely . Each hyphal element can have several nuclei. |
| Septa | dividing walls of a fungus cell |
| Vegetative hyphae | thread-like filaments that elongate into a food source and absorb the nutrients |
| Reproductive (fertile) hyphae | branch of vegetative mycelium that produces SPORES~ fungal reproductive bodies |
| Spores | hard capsules formed by certain bacteria that allow them to resist prolonged exposure to adverse conditions |
| Asexual spores | formed by mitotic division of the parent cell |
| Sexual spores | result from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus; happens less frequently |
| Sporangiospores | formed by successive cleavages within a saclike head called a sporangium. |
| Sporangium | a fungal cell in thisch asexual spores are formed by mulipule cell cleavage. |
| Conidia | asexual spores shed as free units from the tips of fertile hyphae |
| Algae | plant-like protist; makes its own food by photosynthesis |
| Protista | Kingdom composed of eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae |
| Ectoplasm | the thin, clear layer of cytoplasm between the endoplasm and the plasma membrane. Contains microtubules,but not granules or organells |
| Endoplasm | the inner portion of cytoplasm that is fluid and contains organelles |
| Undulating membrane | a protoplasmic membrane with a flagellar rim extending out like a fin along the outer edge of the body of certain protozoa; it moves in a wavelike pattern |
| Trophozoite | feeding form of protozoan |
| Encystment | Hard protein shell that encapsulates and protects parasite |
| Sporozoite | one of the three states of Plasmodium that lives in mosquitoes and is injected into humans |
| Vector | animal that carries pathogens from person to person |
| Reduviid | a true bug: long-legged predacious bug living mostly on other insects |
| Dysentery | Diarrheal illness in which stools contain blood and/or mucus |
| Helminths | parasitic worms |
| Flatworms | a wormlike animal that has a flattened body; tapeworm |
| Roundworm | infections of the skin or nails caused by fungi and appearing as itching circular patches |
| Nematodes | another name for roundworms |
| Cestodes | General: Long and segmented, these lack internal digestive tracts, have suckers or sucking grooves for attachment, hermaphroditic. AKA flatworms |
| Trematodes | category of helminth; also known as flatworm or fluke |
| Mastigophora | protozoa having flagella |
| Sarcodina | phylum of protists that moves using pseudopods; example: amoeba |
| Ciliophora | class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle |
| Sporozoa | [animal-like] Nonmotile, parasitic spore-formers. Lack of flagella and amoeboid body form. Include Plasmodium (causes malaria). |
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