Unit 1: Geography, its nature and perspectives
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49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Demography | the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations |
| Emigration | migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another) |
| Cencus | population count |
| Forced migration | Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors. |
| Population density | number of individuals per unit area |
| Arithmetic population density | the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area |
| Physiologic population density | The number of people per unit area of arable land. |
| Population composition | structure of a population in terms of age, sex and other properties, education |
| Age-sex pyramid | Pyramid that shows age under male or female |
| Crude birth rate | the number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population |
| Crude death rate | The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people. |
| Voluntary migration | Permanent movement undertaken by choice. |
| Internal migration | Permanent movement within a particular country. |
| External migration | migration across an international border |
| Infant mortality | the death rate during the first year of life |
| Total fertility rate | The number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life |
| Demographic transition | change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates |
| Doubling time | the time required for a population to double in size |
| Interregional migration | Permanent movement from one region of a country to another. |
| Exponential growth | growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate |
| Step migration | migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city |
| Linear growth | Expansion that increases by the same amount during each time interval. |
| Counter migration | the return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated |
| Natural increase | Crude death rate subtracted from crude birthrate |
| Population explosion | the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century |
| Stationary population level | the level at which a national population ceases to grow |
| Absolute direction | a compass direction such as north or south |
| Relative direction | direction based on a person's perception of places |
| Absolute distance | The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer. |
| Relative distance | distance measured, not in linear terms such as miles or kilometers, but in terms such as cost and time. |
| Push factors | negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their adobe and migrate to a new location |
| Pull factors | a factor that draws or attracts people to another location |
| Activity space | the space within which daily activity occurs |
| Cyclic movement | movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally |
| Nomadism | movement among a definite set of places |
| Seasonal movement | Movements that are taken based on a seasonal basis. |
| Migration | the movement of persons from one country or locality to another |
| Intervening opportunity | The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away. |
| Distance decay | The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. |
| Refugee | an exile who flees for safety |
| Temporary refugees | refugees encamped in a host country or host region while waiting for resettlement |
| Permanent refugees | person or persons who have been permanently displaced from their home |
| International refugees | refugees who have crossed 1 or more international boundaries during their dislocation |
| Intranational refugees | Refugees who have abandoned their town or village but not their country. |
| Immigration laws | laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into the state |
| Eugenic population policy | government policy designed to favor one race over another |
| Expansive population policy | government policy that encourages large families and raises the rate of population growth |
| Restrictive population policy | Government policy designed to reduce the rate of natural increase. |
| Negative population growth | the actual decline in population due to less than replacement births or extensive diseases |
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