PYSCH Test 1
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54 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Who coined "stream of consciousness"? | William James |
| What is stream of consciousness | flow of thoughts in the conscious mind. The full range of thoughts that one can be aware of can form the content of this |
| 3rd variable problem | variables A & B may be related, but do not necessarily mean causation. |
| Occam's Razor (Principle of Parsimony) | the explanation of any phenomenon should make as few assumptions as possible, eliminating the things that make no difference |
| Falsifiability | A meaningful claim is one that can be falsified, it has to be states in a way that if it were false, evidence could prove it |
| Replicability | duplicatable results, if not they were probably due to chance. Step-by-step directions should make an experiment yield the same results |
| Operational Definition | definition by specific process. |
| Heuristics | mental shortcuts or rules of thumb, reduce cognitive energy required to solve problems. Oversimplification of reality. |
| The Hawthorne Effect | if people know that they are being studied they will act differently |
| confounding variable | any difference between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable, makes independent variable effects uninterpretable |
| contralateral neglect | if you damage one hemisphere of the brain, the other side of the body will be effected or paralyzed. |
| Myelin Sheath | protects neurons from interference from signals from other neurons and allows the signal to pass more quickly along the axon. Made of a fatty material. |
| Apophenia | like schizophrenia. person perceives connections to things that are unrelated. paranoia |
| plasticity | flexibility in the brain (nerve cells) has in adapting to new experiences. The reason why people with brain injuries can have great recoveries. |
| acetylcholine | controls muscle action, cognitive function, memory. Most common type of neurotransmitter. Peripheral Nervous System. |
| synapses | the spaces between the neurons where neurotransmitters are released, where neurons flow. |
| endorphins | reduce pain, promote pleasure. |
| phrenology | pseudoscience based on measuring parts of the head & skull to tell things about a person's personality/intelligence |
| Validity | Every experiment is meant to measure something, if the experiment measure what it is supposed to measure, then it is valid. If something is valid, it is reliable. |
| Reliability | Test produces the same results every time it is performed. Reliability does not equal validity. |
| First Biological Laboratory | Wundt in Germany |
| Correlation Coefficients | 0 means no relationship. A negative # means that when one thing goes up the other goes down. A positive # means that they both go in the same direction. |
| Mean | Average |
| Median | middle # |
| mode | most common |
| control group | doesn't get manipulated |
| experimental | receives the manipulation |
| dependent | variable that is being measured (test scores after drinking) |
| independent | whatever the manipulation is (the beer given to the students before their test) |
| representative heuristic | a cognitive bias in which an individual categorizes a situation based on a pattern of previous experiences or beliefs about the scenario. can lead to close-mindedness |
| available heuristic | how easily something that you've seen or heard can be accessed in your memory |
| parkinson's disease affects the production of what monoamine | dopamine |
| what type of drug interacts with neurotransmitters | pyschoactive |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| CNS- Cortex- Frontal Lobe | executive function coordinating other brain areas, motor planning, language, and memory |
| CNS-Cortex- Parietal Lobe | processes touch information, integrates vision and touch |
| CNS- Cortex- Temporal Lobe | processes auditory information, language, and autobiographical memory |
| CNS- Cortex- Occipital Lobe | processes visual information |
| Basil Ganglia | control movement and motor planning |
| Limbic System- Thalamus | conveys sensory information to cortex |
| Limbic System- Hypothalamus | oversees endocrine and autonomic nervous system |
| Limbic System- Amygdala | regulates arousal and fear |
| Limbic System- Hippocampus | processes memory for spatial locations |
| Cerebellum | controls balance and coordinated movement |
| Midbrain | tracks visual stimuli and reflexes triggered by sound |
| Pons | conveys information between the cortex and cerebellum |
| Medulla | regulates breathing and heartbeats |
| Spinal Cord | conveys information between the brain and the body |
| Structuralism | Titchner: analyze sensations, images, and feelings into basic elements |
| Functionalism | William James: functions of behavior, not its analysis or description |
| Psychoanalysis | Frued: internal psychological processes (impulses, thoughts, memories) |
| Behaviorism | Watson: backlash against the lack of "hard science" behaviorists used objective (not subjective) means to study psychology |
| Cognitivism | Piaget: a backlash against behaviorism, study of mental processes involved in thought |
| Humanism | Carl Rogers: backlash against behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Unconditional positive reinforcement. |
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