A&P - Test 1 Flashcards
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Created by:
Reckart Plus on September 12, 2011
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185 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Organic Compound | Any compound composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent (shared electron) bonds |
| Organ | A part of the body formed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a specific function; e.g. the stomach |
| Cholesterol | Steroid found in animal fats as wells as in most body tissues; made by the liver |
| Epithelium (epithelial tissue) | Pertaining to a primary tissue that covers the body surface, lines its internal cavities, and forms glands |
| Synthesis (combination) reaction | A chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones |
| Negative feedback mechanisms | The most common of homeostatic control mechanisms. The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. |
| Chemical Energy | Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances |
| Hydrolysis | Process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles. |
| Gland | Organ specialized to secrete or excrete substances for further use in the body or for elimination |
| Polar Molecules | Non-symmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms |
| Carbohydrate | Organic Compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, cellulose. |
| Lymphatic System | System consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs and tissues; drains excess tissue fluid from the extracellular space and provides a site for immune surveillance. |
| RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) | Nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A,G,C, and U. Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis. |
| Sex Chromosomes | The chromosomes, X and y, that determine genetic sex (XX=femal, XY=male); the 23rd pair of chromosomes |
| Triglycerides | Fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol; are the body's most concentrated source of energy fuel; also known as neutral fats. |
| Carcinogen | Cancer causing agent |
| Solution | A homogeneous mixture of two or more components |
| Transverse (horizontal) section | A plane running from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in an atom |
| pH | The symbol for hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
| Inferior (caudal) | Pertaining to a position near the tail end of the long axis of the body. |
| Diffusion | The spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles. |
| Receptor | 1. A cell or nerve ending of a sensory neuron specialized to respond to particular types of stimuli 2.) Molecule that binds specifically with other molecules e.g. neurotransmitters, hormones, and antigens. |
| Sagittal Section | A longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions. |
| Polypeptide | A chain of amino acids |
| Cartilage | White, semi-opaque connective tissue |
| Atomic Mass Number | Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Salt | Ionic compound that dissociates into charged particles (other than hydrogen or hydroxyl ions) when dissolved in water. |
| Decomposition Reaction | Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms. |
| Skeletal system | System of protection and support composed primarily of bone and cartilage. |
| Midsagittal (median) section | Specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline. |
| Extracellular matrix | Nonliving material that separates the living cells in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers. |
| Lamina | (1) A thin layer or flat plate: (2) the portion of a vertebra between the transverse process and the spinous process. |
| Ligament | Band of regular fibrous tissue that connects bones. |
| Effector | Organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings. |
| Chromatin | Structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factors (genes). |
| Nucleus | Control center of a cell; contains genetic material. |
| Axilla | Armpit |
| Hypotonic | Below normal tone or tension |
| Tissue | A group of similar cells (and their intercellular substance) specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. |
| Glycogen | Main carbohydrate stored in animal cells; a polysaccharide. |
| Hypertonic | Excessive, above normal, tone or tension. |
| Base | A substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor. |
| Compound | Substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united. |
| Cranial | Pertaining to the skull. |
| Glucose | Principal blood sugar; a hexose. |
| Frontal (coronal) section | Longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. |
| Crenation | The shriveling of a cell, for example an erythrocyte, resulting from loss of water. |
| Solute | The substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| Acid | A substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution (compare with Base); a proton donor. |
| Urinary system | System primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and removal of nitrogenous wastes. |
| Plasma Membrane | Membrane, composed of three lamina layers, that encloses cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane. |
| Abdomen | Portion of the body between the diaphragm and the pelvis |
| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass. |
| Nucleotide | Building block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group. |
| Muscle fiber | A muscle cell. |
| Pinocytosis | Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells. |
| Cytoplasm | The cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane. |
| Ventral | Pertaining to the front; anterior. |
| energy | The capacity to do work; may be stored (potential energy) or in action (kinetic energy). |
| Dehydration synthesis | Process by which a large molecule is synthesized by covalently bonding smaller molecules together |
| Anterior | The front of an organism, organ, or part; the ventral surface. |
| Thoracic | Refers to the chest. |
| Ionic Bond | Chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms. |
| Pressure gradient | Difference in hydrostatic pressure that drives filtration |
| Mechanical energy | The energy directly involved in moving matter; e.g., in bicycle riding, the legs provide the mechanical energy that moves the pedals. |
| Lysosomes | Organelles that originate from the Golgi apparatus and contain strong digestive enzymes. |
| Nucleic acid | Class of organic molecules that includes DNA and RNA. |
| Electrical energy | Energy formed by the movement of charged particles across cell membranes. |
| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body. |
| Cancer | A malignant, invasive cellular neoplasm that has the capability of spreading throughout the body or body parts. |
| Organelles | Small cellular structures (ribosomes, mitochondria, and others) that perform specific metabolic functions for the cell as a whole. |
| Excretion | Elimination of waste products from the body. |
| Adipose | fatty |
| Hypothalamus | Region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain. |
| Atom | The smallest part of an element; indivisible by ordinary chemical means. |
| organism | The living animal (or plant), which represents the sum total of all its organ systems working together to maintain life. |
| centriole | Minute body found near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division. |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells. |
| Molecule | Particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds. |
| Passive Transport | Membrane transport processes that do not require cellular energy (ATP), e.g., diffusion, which is driven by kinetic energy. |
| Edema | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in body parts or tissues; causes swelling. |
| Atrophy | Reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use. |
| Physiology | Study of the function of living organisms. |
| Proximal | Toward the attached end of a limb or the origin of a structure. |
| Radioisotope | Isotope that exhibits radioactive behavior. |
| Intracellular fluid | Fluid within a cell. |
| Irritability | Ability to respond to a stimulus. |
| DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid) | A nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism's hereditary information. |
| Phagocytosis | Engulfing of foreign solids by (phagocytic) cells. |
| Active Transport | Membrane transport processes for which ATP is provided, e.g., solute pumping and endocytosis. |
| Chemical Bond | An energy relationship holding atoms together; involves the interaction of electrons. |
| medial | Toward the midline of the body. |
| Flagellum | Long, whiplike extension of the plasma membrane of some bacteria and a sperm; propel the cell. |
| Protein | Complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen; composes 10% to 30% of cell mass. |
| Steroids | Group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and contain little oxygen. |
| Buccal | pertaining to the cheek |
| Neoplasm | An abnormal mass of proliferating cells; benign _____ remain localized; malignant _____ are cancers, which can spread to other organs. |
| Electrolytes | Chemical substances, such as salts, acids, and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current. |
| Cell | The structural and functional unit of living organisms; contains a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane. |
| Radioactivity | The process of spontaneous decay seen in some of the heavier isotopes, during which particles or energy is emitted from the atomic nucleus; results in the atom becoming more stable |
| Basement membrane | Extracellular material consisting of a basal lamina secreted by epithelial cells and a reticular lamina secreted by underlying connective tissue cells. |
| Distal | Away from the attached end of a limb or the origin of a structure. |
| Covalent bond | Chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms. |
| Exchange (displacement) reaction | Chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms become combined with different atoms. |
| Connective tissue | A primary tissue; form and function vary extensively. Functions include support, storage, and protection. |
| Tarsal | One of the seven bones that form the ankle and heel. |
| Fatty acids | Linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end. A constituent of fat. |
| Isotopes | Different atomic forms of the same element, vary only in the number of neutrons they contain; the heavier species tend to be radioactive. |
| Atomic Weight | The average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element. |
| Anatomy | Study of the structure of living organisms. |
| Chemical reaction | Process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down. |
| Mitochondria | Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities. |
| Goblet cells | Individual cells (unicellular glands) that produce mucus. |
| Positive feedback mechanisms | Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change. |
| Inorganic compound | Chemical substances that do not contain carbon, including water, salts, and many acids and bases. |
| Kinetic energy | The energy of motion or movement, e.g., the constant movement of atoms, or the push given to a swinging door that sets it into motion. |
| Monosaccharide | Literally, one sugar; building block of carbohydrates; e.g., glucose. |
| Carpal | One of the eight bones of the wrist. |
| Glycerol | A modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol). |
| Interstitial fluid | Fluid between the cells. |
| Muscular system | The organ system consisting of the skeletal muscles of the body and their connective tissue attachments. |
| Microvilli | Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption. |
| Hyaline | Glassy; transparent. |
| Endocrine system | Body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones. |
| Phospholipid | Modified lipid containing phosphorus |
| Brachial | Pertaining to the arm. |
| Radiant (electromagnetic) energy | Energy form that travels in waves. |
| Cervical | Refers to the neck or the necklike portion of an organ or structure. |
| Polysaccharide | Literally, many sugars, a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch, glycogen. |
| Electron | Negatively charged subatomic particle; orbits the atom's nucleus. |
| Metastasis | The spread of cancer from one body part or organ into another not directly connected to it. |
| Amino acid | Organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; building block of protein. |
| Valence shell | Outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom that contains electrons. |
| Proton | Subatomic particle that bears a positive charge; located in the atomic nucleus. |
| Lipid | Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol. |
| Ion | Atom with a positive or negative electric charge. |
| Ribosomes | Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized. |
| Atomic symbol | The one- or two-letter symbol used to indicate an element; usually the first letter(s) of the element's name |
| Disaccharide | Literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose. |
| Nucleoli | Dense spherical bodies in the cell nucleus involved with ribosomal subunit synthesis and storage. |
| Element | One of a limited number of unique varieties of matter that composes substances of all kinds; e.g., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. |
| Hydrogen bond | Weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two electron-hungry atoms. An important intramolecular bond. |
| Cytokinesis | The division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided. |
| Neutron | Uncharged subatomic particle; found in the atomic nucleus. |
| Mitosis | Process during which the chromosomes are redistributed to two daughter nuclei; nuclear division. Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
| Polar molecules | Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms. |
| Inguinal | Pertaining to the groin region. |
| Organ system | A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function; e.g., the nervous system. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one. |
| Epithelium (epithelial tissue) | Pertaining to a primary tissue that covers the body surface, lines its internal cavities, and forms glands. |
| Chromosomes | Barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division. |
| Tendon | Cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bone |
| Homeostasis | A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body. |
| Gene | One of the biological units of heredity located in chromatin; transmits hereditary information. |
| Ulcer | Lesion or erosion of the mucous membrane, such as gastric ulcer of stomach. |
| Mucous membranes | Membranes that form the linings of body cavities open to the exterior (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts). |
| Arrector pili | Tiny, smooth muscles attached to hair follicles; cause the hair to stand upright when activated. |
| Malignant | Life threatening; pertains to neoplasms that spread and lead to death, such as cancer |
| Serous membrane | Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body (except for joint cavities); serosa |
| Mucus | A sticky, thick fluid secreted by mucous glands and mucous membranes; keeps the free surface of membranes moist. |
| Articular capsule | Double-layered capsule composed of an outer fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane; encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint. |
| Sebaceous glands (oil glands) | Epidermal glands that produce an oily secretion called sebum. |
| Keratin | Water-soluble protein found in the epidermis, hair, and nails that makes those structures hard and water-repellent; precursor is keratohyalin. |
| Serous fluid | Clear, watery fluid secreted by cells of a serous membrane. |
| Synovial membrane | Membrane that lines the capsule of a synovial joint. |
| Sebum | Oily secretion of sebaceous glands. |
| Squamous | (1) flat, scalelike; (2) pertaining to flat, thin cells that form the free surface of some epithelial tissues. |
| Stratum | A layer. |
| Acne | Inflammatory disease of the skin; infection of the sebaceous glands. |
| Peritoneum | Serous membrane lining the interior of the abdominal cavity and covering the surfaces of abdominal organs. |
| Apocrine gland | The less numerous type of sweat gland; produces a secretion containing water, salts, proteins,and fatty acids. |
| Sudoriferous gland | Epidermal gland that produces sweat. |
| Allergy (hypersensitivity) | Overzealous immune response to an otherwise harmless antigen. |
| Dermis | Layer of skin deep to the epidermis; composed of dense irregular tissue. |
| Pleura | Two-layered serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the external surface of the lung. |
| Integumentary system | Skin and its derivatives; provides the external protective covering of the body. |
| Epidermis | Superficial layer of the skin; composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. |
| Melanin | Dark pigment formed by cells called melanocytes; imparts color to skin and hair. |
| Exocrine glands | Glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site. |
| Cutaneous membrane | The skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers. |
| Melanocyte | A cell that produces melanin. |
| Sweat gland | Sudoriferous gland - Epidermal gland that produces sweat. |
| Dermatitis | An inflammation of the skin; nonspecific skin allergies. |
| Subcutaneous | Beneath the skin. |
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