Apologia Human Anatomy and Physiology
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87 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 skeletal system | the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body of an animal |
| skull | protects the brain |
| rib cage | protects the heart and lungs |
| red bone marrow | located within the spongy bone, is hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes |
| yellow bone marrow | fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones |
| lipids | fats and oils |
| bones | provide shape and support for the body and protection for many organs. some can produce blood cells, others store minerals |
| minerals | substances that the body cannot manufacture but that are needed for forming healthy bones and teeth and for regulating many vital body processes |
| calcium | A mineral that is essential for bone growth, teeth development, blood coagulation, and many other functions |
| osteoporosis | abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones attributable to a lack of calcium |
| vitamin d | a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets Promotes growth and health of bones |
| rickets | childhood disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D and sunlight associated with impaired metabolism of calcium and phosphorus |
| malnutrition | a state of poor nutrition |
| joints | areas where two or more bones join together |
| periosteum | tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone- filled with nerves and blood vessels |
| remodeling | process that ensures bone maintenance through simultaneous bone resorption and formation |
| compact bone | Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone-when you see a skeleton say in a classroom this is what you see-because the periosteum has died, dried up, and peeled off |
| collagen | A protein fiber with a unique triple-helix that gives it great strength. Tissues with a lot of collagen fibers are typically very strong, e.g. bone, tendons, ligaments, etc. |
| spongy bone | Layer of Bone tissue having many small spaces/tunnels and found just inside the layer of compact bone |
| bone marrow | material found in the cavities of bones |
| osteo | bone |
| osteoblasts | bone forming cells |
| cartilage | a connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together |
| joint cartilage | works like a shock absorber keeps your bones from hurting when they rub against one another |
| osteoclasts | cells that break down bone |
| fused | When two or more things are joined to become one object. |
| callus | bony tissue formed during the healing of a fractured bone |
| femur | the longest and thickest bone of the human skeleton-thigh bone |
| malleus | one of the three bones of the middle ear shaped like a hammer |
| incus | middle of the three bones of the middle ear shaped like anvil |
| stapes | the stirrup-shaped ossicle that transmits sound from the incus to the cochlea |
| flat bones | thin, flattened, and usually curved, two thin layers of compact sandwiching spongey bone (skull, ribs, sternum) |
| long bones | bones that are longer than they are wide-legs, arms, fingers, toes |
| short bones | Bones that are generally small and cube shaped and contain multiple articulating surfaces. Examples are the wrist and ankles |
| sesamoid bones | bones that are usually small, round and flat and develop inside tendons; most often near joints at the knee, hands and feet |
| patella | a small flat triangular bone in front of the knee that protects the knee joint |
| irregular bones | complicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes (include vertebrae and hip bones) |
| hyoid | Only bone not to articulate with the rest of the body, located underneath the chin |
| coccyx | the tailbone, made up of the four fused vertebrae at the base of the spinal column |
| cranium | the part of the skull that encloses the brain |
| sutures | immovable joints |
| facial bones | Bones of the face; lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic bones. |
| mandible | lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face |
| occipital bone | a saucer-shaped membrane bone that forms the back of the skull |
| parietal bone | either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium |
| temporal bone | a thick bone forming the side of the human cranium and encasing the inner ear |
| frontal bone | the large cranial bone forming the front part of the cranium: the forehead and the upper part of the orbits |
| maxilla | Forms most of the upper jaw, and part of the hard palate, contains upper molars, premolars, and canines, upper jaw bone |
| zygomatic bone | the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek |
| sinuses | cavities in the skull that surround the nasal area |
| mucus | a slimy substance produced in the nose and throat to moisten and protect them |
| vertebrae | 26 small bones that make up your backbone |
| vertebrate | animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium |
| vertebral column | the series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord |
| cervical vertebrae | first set of seven bones, forming the neck |
| thoracic vertebrae | second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine |
| lumbar vertebrae | third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine |
| sacrum | wedge-shaped bone consisting of five fused vertebrae forming the posterior part of the pelvis |
| spinal cord | a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain |
| costal cartilage | the cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs |
| true ribs | top 7 pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilage |
| false ribs | last 5 pairs of ribs; attach indirectly to sternum |
| floating ribs | last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum |
| pectoral girdle | Consists of the clavicle and scapula; functions to attach the upper extremity to the axial skeleton. |
| scapulae | Shoulder blades are generally triangles and commonly called wings. |
| clavicles | collar bones attach to sternum |
| humerus | bone extending from the shoulder to the elbow |
| radius | the outer and slightly shorter of the two bones of the human forearm-thumb side |
| ulna | the inner and longer of the two bones of the human forearm-pinky side |
| carpals | 8 bones of the wrist |
| metacarpals | the 5 bones that form the palms of the hand |
| phalanges | the bones of the fingers and toes |
| pelvic girdle | the structure of the vertebrate skeleton supporting the lower limbs -has two coxae--connects vertebral column and contains your hips, sacrum and tailbone |
| femur | the longest and thickest bone, upper leg bone |
| tibia | the inner and thicker of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle |
| fibula | the outer and thinner of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle |
| tarsals | 7 bones that make up the ankle |
| metatarsals | 5 long slender bones of the foot. |
| calcaneus | the largest tarsal bone-heel |
| synovial fluid | Lubricates, nourishes, and keeps the joint moveable |
| arthritis | a disease of the joints that makes movement painful |
| hinge joints | joints that move back and forth like the movement of a door hinge. These joints are located at your fingers, toes, elbows, and knees. |
| ball and socket joints | most movable joint, ball shaped head of one bone fits in another concave depression--hips and shoulders have this |
| saddle joints | range of motion is less than a ball and socket but more than a hinge--ankle has this |
| sliding joints | One bone can slide over the other and can make limited side to side movement--vertebrae are connected with these |
| pivot joints | allow only a rotating movement--skull to vertebral column |
| ellipsoidal joints | The joints that connect your phalanges to your metacarpals. Like flattened ball-and-socket joints |
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