1.
_____ are unique among amphibians in having evolved several _____ species that retain a permanently larval morphology throughout life, eliminating a terrestrial phase completely.: Salamanders
perennibranchiate
2.
_____ transmits vibrations to the inner ear of amphibians.: Malleus
3.
Amphibians are ectothermic, primitively quadrupedal vertebrates that have glandular skin and breathe by.....: lungs, gills, and/or skin.
4.
Amphibians are the only living vertebrates that have a transition from water to land in both their _____ and _____.: ontogeny
phylogeny
5.
Amphibians form one of two major branches of _____ phylogeny, the other one being amniotes.: tetrapod
6.
Amphibians have a _____ (eardrum) and _____ (columnella) for transmitting vibrations to the inner air to detect airborne sounds: tympanic membrane
stapes
7.
Amphibians have a double circulation with functionally separated....: pulmonary and systemic circuits.
8.
Amphibians that have no larval development are said to have direct development. That is, they.....: hatch from the egg as miniature versions of the adults.
9.
An axolotl is a _____ salamander throughout its entire life, no matter what the environmental conditions may be.: perennibranchiate
10.
An examination of the bony elements of the_____ fishes shows that they broadly resemble the homologous structures of amphibian limbs.: paired fins of lobe-finned
11.
Auditory and visual systems and associated regions of the brain that facilitate sensory perception on land are _____ features of amphibians.: derived
12.
Both _____ and early tetrapods such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega shared several characteristics of skull, teeth, and pectoral girdle.: lobe-finned fishes
13.
Despite their adaptations for terrestrial life, adults and eggs of all amphibians require.....: cool, moist environments if not actual pools or streams.
14.
Discuss Order: Anura.: • Approx. 5283 species (largest group of modern amphibians)
• Live near water
• Body form
- Tadpoles: tailed larvae
- Adults are tailless, adapted for jumping on land or in water
15.
Discuss Order: Gymnophiona.: •Small tropical group of limbless, elongate forms
• Approx. 173 species
• Inhabit tropical forests
• Carnivorous
• Internal fertilization
16.
Discuss Order: Urodela.: • Salamanders
- Approx. 553 species
• Body form
- Most small
- Tailed
- Forelimbs and hindlimbs (retained the generalized four-limbed body plan of their Paleozoic ancestors)
• Carnivorous
• Ectotherms
17.
Discuss the integument of Amphibians.: • Integument thin and moist
- Stratified epidermis
- Spongy dermis
• Glands
- Mucous
- Serous
• Chromatophores
- Xanthophores
- Iridophores
- Melanophores
18.
Discuss the salamander life cycle.: - lay eggs in water
- tadpole larvae
- gradual metamorphosis to adult
19.
In amphibians, _____ and adult _____ have no effective protection against very cold, hot, or dry conditions, greatly restricting adaptive diversification of amphibians to environments that have.....: eggs
skin
moderate temperatures and abundant water.
20.
Members of the family Bufonidae are colloquially called:: True frogs
21.
Members of the family Plethodontidae are unusual in that many species completely lack?: Lungs
22.
Most amphibians have a _____ life cycle, beginning with an aquatic larva that later metamorphoses to produce a terrestrial adult, which returns to water to lay eggs.: biphasic
23.
Most amphibians have a biphasic life cycle. Briefly describe.: begins with an aquatic larva that later metamorphoses to produce a terrestrial adult, which returns to water to lay eggs.
24.
Most amphibians have a forelimb with _____ digits and a rear limb with _____ digits.: four
five
25.
Most larger frogs are solitary during most of the year, except during the breeding period, which is typically in the _____.: spring
26.
Name the three major groups of amphibians.: Caecilians (order Gymnophiona)
Salamanders (order Urodela)
Frogs and toads (order Anura)
27.
Oddly, the most highly terrestrial _____ lack lungs whereas some aquatic forms use lungs as their major respiratory structure.: salamanders
28.
Oddly, the most highly terrestrial salamanders _____ lungs whereas some aquatic forms _____ lungs as their major respiratory structure.: lack
use
29.
Pigmented cells in the skin of some amphibians are called?: Chromatophores
30.
Reproductive strategies of anurans include?: Carrying developing larvae in a dorsal pouch.
Carrying eggs embedded in specialized brooding pouches.
Laying eggs under rocks or logs.
Froglets developing in a vocal pouch.
31.
Respiratory of gases occurs across _____ in all amphibians and is supplemented in most amphibians by lungs.: porous skin
32.
Salamanders are unique among amphibians in having evolved several perennibranchiate species that.....: retain a permanently larval morphology throughout life, eliminating a terrestrial phase completely.
33.
Several extinct lineages plus the Lisamphibia, which contains modern amphibians, are placed in a group called?: Temnospondyls
34.
Some frogs hibernate during the winter and avoid the harmful effects of freezing by accumulating glycerol and?: Glucose
35.
Some frogs, salamanders, and caecilians have evolved _____ development that omits the aquatic larval stage, and some caecilians have evolved _____.: direct
viviparity
36.
Some frogs, salamanders, and caecilians have evolved direct development that omits the _____, and some _____ have evolved viviparity.: aquatic larval stage
caecilians
37.
Terrestrial forms of amphibians have strong skeletons with _____ adaptations evident in the structuring of the ribs, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and limbs.: terrestrial
38.
The digestive tract of most vertebrates that are carnivores is _____ than the digestive tract of herbivores.: shorter
39.
The first terrestrial tetrapods were probably the?: Rhipidistians
40.
The first well-known fossil of a tetrapod was in the genus?: Ichthyostega
41.
The freshwater fish that arose from the Devonian period possessed?: A lung that developed as an outgrowth of the pharynx
42.
The hearts of amphibians have:: Two atria and one ventricle
43.
The kidneys of amphibians are described as?: Mesonephric
44.
The members of the Amphibian order _____ are often viviparous.: Gymnophiona
45.
The members of the Amphibian order _____ often produce spermatophores(arrow): Caudata
46.
The perennibranchiate condition is obligate in some species, but others metamorphose to a _____ form if their pond habitat evaporates.: terrestrial
47.
The perennibranchiate condition may occur in?: Salamanders
48.
The retention of larval characteristics, seen in some salamanders is called?: Paedomorphosis
49.
The skin of a frog, although loosely attached to the body, is typical of most terrestrial vertebrates, having an outer _____ and an underlying _____.: epidermis
dermis
50.
The tetrapod leg of amphibians is associated with _____ and _____ girdles for walking.: shoulder
hip
51.
There is great diversity among Amphibians, but they remain tied to water due to what three things?: - Eggs
- Thin skin
- Ectotherms
52.
To facilitate cutaneous respiration, the skin of amphibians is?: Moist and richly vascularized
53.
Two major branches of the tetrapod lineage are represented by the amphibians and the?: Amniotes
54.
What are the characteristics that made the move to land possible?: - Two structures connected to pharynx
- Bony elements of paired fins
55.
What are the physical differences between land and sea?: - Oxygen more abundant
- Air less dense
- Air temperature fluctuates
56.
What environmental event could have led to the evolution of terrestriality by fishes?: Instability of freshwater habitats
57.
What kinds of respiration do salamanders use?: - Cutaneous respiration
- Buccopharyngeal respiration
58.
When _____ were introduced to Queensland, Australia and southern Florida to control agricultural pests, they began spreading rapidly and produced numerous ecological problems, including the displacement of native _____.: giant toads
anurans
59.
When male frogs clasp females prior to mating the process is called:: Amplexus
