1.
"Common Sense": pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that restated beliefs about natural law, bad government, and introduced the idea of independence for Americans
2.
2nd Continental Congress: representatives of the colonial assemblies of 13 colonies met in Philadelphia in May 1775 to discuss matters of mutual concern to all Americans
3.
Articles of Confederation: plan for union that limited the power of the central government; each state would have one vote in a national assembly, send 2 to 7 delegates to the Confederation Congress, and Congress could only declare war and peace, print money, raise loans, regulate Indian trade, settle disputes between states, run postal services, and establish weights and measures
4.
Battle of Quebec: attack by Continental Army under Colonel Benedict Arnold and General Richard Montgomery on Quebec; failed, drove morale down, and ended rebel campaign in Canada
5.
Battle of Saratoga: defeat of British General John Burgoyne in Saratoga, New York as he attempted to take Albany; turning point in the revolution
6.
Camp Followers: women and children who followed the armies on their campaigns; included generals' wives and families; came because conditions at home would be worse
7.
Franco-American Alliance: French firm of Roderique Hortalez et Compagnie received money from French crown to help Patriots; Louis XVI wanted to help directly after Philadelphia fell, victory at Saratoga convinced him to send troops
8.
Joseph Brant: chief of the Mohawks; promised to support the British if settlers stopped taking Iroquois land after the revolution
9.
Loyalists: also known as Tories; colonists who remained loyal to the crown by either actively fighting for it or by refusing to take up arms
10.
Olive Branch Petition: document written by John Dickinson affirming colonial loyalty to the crown, asking British army hostilities to end, and proposing a discussion of differences
11.
Republicanism: belief that the government should have the consent of the governed, and that the public good is placed before each citizen's needs
12.
Treaty of Paris 1783: ended American Revolution' recognized the United States as independent, Canada remained British, U.S. extended to Mississippi River, creditors could collect prewar and war debts in British pounds sterling, and British troops were removed from the frontier
