1.
Active Transport: Transports substances against the concentration gradient using ATP
2.
Adipose loose connective tissue: Nutrient and energy storage (fat)-White fat and brown fat
3.
Anterior/Posterior: Front/Back
4.
Apipocytes: Fat cells; insulation, cushion, and energy storage
5.
Apocrine gland: Secretes a part or portion of the cell (milk glands)
6.
Aponeurosis: Attaches muscle to muscle
7.
Areolar loose connective tissue: Acts like a sponge to soak up fluid-gets rid of swelling
8.
Basal Lamina: Glycoproteins from the epithelial tissue
9.
Bilateral: Symmetrical left and right; right to left arm or right to left lung
10.
Blood: Has a matrix consisting of plasma
11.
Bulk Flow: The movement of substances from a high pressure to a low pressure
12.
Bulk Transport/Vesicular Transport: Process of endocytosis and exocytosis
13.
Canaliculli: Microscopic canals for oxygen and nutrient delivery
14.
Cardiac muscle tissue: All:1 cardiac cell to neural cell ratio; only found in the heart; occurs in sheets an stuck together via intercalated discs-gap junction
15.
Cell: Basic structural and functional unit of the body
16.
Central canal (Haversian canal): Tunnel running through the middle of the osteon
17.
Characteristics of the plasma membrane?: Separates the inside of the cell from the outside, controls what enters and leaves the cell, and its very thin
18.
Chondroblast: secretes the matrix and the fibers in cartilage and then matures to chondrocytes
19.
Chondrocytes: They can no longer secrete the matrix and perform regular cell functions
20.
Collagen fibers: Thick and white
21.
Columnar: Column like shape
22.
Concentration Gradient: Unequal amount of substances (ie. Ions) or pressure on opposite sides of plasma membrane
23.
Cranial Caudal in Dogs: Anterior/Posterior
24.
Cranial/Caudal in Humans: Superior/Inferior
25.
Cranial/Claudal: Head/Tail
26.
Cuboidal: Square like shape
27.
Cytology: The study of cells
28.
Cytoskeleton: Contains microtubules and microfilaments, which makes them dynamic (the ability to change shape)
29.
Cytosol: Thick semi-transport jelly that contains suspended particles in the cell
30.
Dense connective tissue: mostly has collagen fibers in a gel-matrix
31.
Desmosomes: Tight junctions with microfilaments for reinforcement
32.
Diffusion: Substances moving from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration
33.
Dorsal/Ventral: Anatomical Back/Belly
34.
Dorsal/Ventral in Dogs: Superior/Inferior
35.
Dorsal/Ventral in Humans: Posterior/Anterior
36.
Elastic Cartilage: It is rubbery and pliable
37.
Elastic dense connective tissue: Predominately elastic fibers for stretching and retracting; vocal cords, walls of large arteries (aorta), and flavum ligamentum
38.
Elastic fibers: Yellow and branched
39.
Endocrine glands: They produce hormones and secrete directly into the blood stream via exocytosis
40.
Endocytosis: Bringing into the cell
41.
Epithelia tissue is always attached to connective tissue via what?: Basement membranes
42.
Exocrine glands: They secrete products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
43.
Exocytosis: Taking out of the cell
44.
Facilitated Diffusion: Faster diffusion rate with the aid of a transport protein
45.
Fibroblast: secretes the fibers and give rise to fibrocytes (wound repair)
46.
Fibrocartilage: They are shock absorbers of the body
47.
Flavum ligamentum: Connects vertebrae bones together
48.
Gap Junctions: IPMPs that create channels through two membranes, which then allows cell to cell communication
49.
Glands: one or more cells that make or secrete a product
50.
Histology: The study of tissues
51.
Holocrine gland: Secretes the whole cell (oil glands)
52.
Hyalin Cartilage: "Gristle" the most abundant cartilage in the body
53.
Irregular dense connective tissue: Capsules form sheaths around structures; Organs, joints, and skin's dermis
54.
Lacuna: Space containing osteocytes
55.
Lamella: Bone matrix rings
56.
Ligaments: Attaches bone to bone
57.
Loose connective tissue: They have many cell types and all fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
58.
Macrophages: come from (given rise from) monocytes
59.
Mast cells: Histamine, inflammatory response
60.
Medial/Lateral: Midline/Side
61.
Membranes: Tissues that line surfaces
62.
Merocrine "eccrine" gland: secretes fluid like substances (sweat glands)
63.
Mitogenic: Undergoes mitosis often
64.
Name several bilateral in the body.: Arms, legs, kidneys, ears, eyes, and lungs
65.
Name the levels of organization in order from biggest to smallest: Organ Systems, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Cellular Components, and Chemical
66.
Nerve cells are called _______.: Neurons
67.
Nervous tissue: Initiates, transmits, and coordinates impulses through the body
68.
Neuroglia (Glial Cells): They support cells for nervous tissue. They do not initiate, transmit, or coordinate nervous impulses
69.
Osmosis: Water moving from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration
70.
Osteoblasts: Makes the bone matrix and then matures into osteocytes
71.
Osteon: The fundamental unit of compact bone
72.
Parietal Pericardium: Membrane that lines the surface of the heart
73.
Parietal Peritoneum: Membrane that lines organs and abdominal walls
74.
Parietal Pleura: Membrane that lines the thorasic cavity wall and lungs
75.
Passive Transport: Transports substances with the concentration gradient without ATP needed
76.
Phagocytosis: Cell eating or engulfing
77.
Pinocytosis: Cell drinking
78.
Plasma cells: immune response- produces all antibodies
79.
Platelets: Thronbocytes; blood clotting
80.
Primary Active Transport: Uses a transport protein to move substances against the concentration gradient
81.
Proximal/Distal: Closest to the point of attachment/Farthest point of attachment
82.
Pseudostratified: Appears to have two or more layers of cells, but in reality, it only has a single layer of cells
83.
Red blood cells: Erthryocytes; oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
84.
Regular dense connective tissue: fibers are parallel to one another, "forms ropes"
85.
Resting Potential: The inside of the cell has an overall negative charge and the outside has an overall positive charge
86.
Reticular fibers: So thin and look like stitches
87.
Reticular Lamina: Glycoproteins from the connective tissue
88.
Reticular loose connective tissue: Support lymphoid organs (lymphnodes and spleen)
89.
Secondary Active Transport: Other substances sneak into or out of the cell against the concentration gradient via transport proteins
90.
Serous Membrane: Lined surfaces that do not open to the outside
91.
Simple: Single layer of cells
92.
Skeletal muscle tissue: striated and voluntary; 1:1 muscle cell to neural ratio
93.
Smooth muscle tissue: 1:1 or All:1 ratio to neural cells; found in hollow organs (stomach); cells can occur as one or in sheets; unstriated and involuntary
94.
Squamous: Scale like shape of cell
95.
Stratified: Two or more layers of cells
96.
Structurally, glands are?: Unicellular or Multicellular
97.
Superficial/Deep: Outer/Inner
98.
Superior/Inferior: Top/Bottom
99.
Tendons: Attaches bone to muscle
100.
The ankle is proximal/distal to the knee?: Distal
101.
The elbow is proximal/distal to the shoulder?: Distal
102.
The elbow is proximal/distal to the wrist?: Proximal
103.
The heart is _________ to the lungs.: Medial
104.
The imaginary line that separates abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity runs from __________ to the ______________.: Sacrum; pubic symphysis
105.
The lungs are _________ to the heart.: Bilateral
106.
The nose is superior/inferior to the mouth?: Superior
107.
The shoulder is proximal/distal to the wrist?: Proximal
108.
The vertebrae is anterior/posterior to the sternum?: Posterior
109.
Tight Junctions: IPMP that crosses two cell membranes
110.
Tissues: Roots of cells that have similar embryonic origin and function together to perform a specialized task
111.
Transitional: Single layer of cells that is capable of expanding
112.
Visceral Pericardium: Membrane that covers the surface of the heart
113.
Visceral Peritoneum: Membrane that lines organs and abdominal walls
114.
Visceral Pleura: Membrane that covers the lungs
115.
Vivisection: live dissections of the human body
116.
Water hating: Hydrophobic
117.
Water loving: Hydrophilic
118.
What are the characteristics of bone?: The matrix is solid (calcium and phosphate salts), highly vascularized, and osteoblasts
119.
What are the characteristics of cartilage?: Matrix is semi-solid, not very vascularized, and chondroblast
120.
What are the elements inside the cell and the quantity?: Na+ Low
K+ High
Ca2+ Low
Cl- Low
Pr- Hight
121.
What are the elements outside of the cell and the quantity?: Na+ High
K+ Low
Ca2+ High
Cl- High
Pr- Low
122.
What are the five types of white blood cells?: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophil, and Basophil
123.
What are the four characteristics of connective tissue?: Same origin from mesenchyme, lots of extracellular space, matrix, highly vascularized (except cartilage)
124.
What are the four types of connective tissue?: Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood
125.
What are the four types of Passive Transport?: Diffusion, Osmosis, Bulk Flow, and Facilitated Diffusion
126.
What are the four types of tissues?: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
127.
What are the functions of Connective Tissue?: They protect and support the body and its organs, bind organs together, and stores energy
128.
What are the functions of connective tissues?: They bind and support (tendons and ligaments), protection (skeletal system=bone), insulation (adipose=fat), and transportation (blood transport vehicle of the body)
129.
What are the functions of Epithelia Tissue?: They cover body surfaces, line body cavities and ducts, and form glands
130.
What are the functions of Muscle Tissue?: They allow for movement through the active generation of force
131.
What are the functions of Nervous Tissue?: They initiate, transmit, and interpret impulses that coordinate the body
132.
What are the thing plates spongy bone contain?: Trabecula
133.
What are the three basic cell structures found in cells?: Plasma (cell) membrane, cytoplasm/cytoskeleton, and organelles
134.
What are the three body planes, the cut of them, and the view of them?: Sagittal; left to right; Sag/side view
Transverse; horizontal; cross (top and bottom) view
Front "Coronal"; front to back; coronal view
135.
What are the three cell to cell contacts of IPMPs?: Tight Junctions, Gap Junctions, and Desmosomes
136.
What are the three characteristics of epithelial tissue cells?: They are packed closely together and have very little extracellular space, have specialized cell to cell contact with tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes, and there polarity is distal and proximal end, have no blood supply, high regeneration rate (mitogenic), and specialization
137.
What are the three types of active transport?: Bulk Transport/Vesicular Transport, Primary Active Transport, and Secondary Active Transport
138.
What are the three types of blood?: Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
139.
What are the three types of cartilage?: Hyalin, fibrocartilage, and elastic
140.
What are the three types of dense connective tissue?: Regular dense connective tissue, irregular dense connective tissue, and elastic dense connective tissue
141.
What are the three types of loose connective tissue?: Areolar loose connective tissue, adipose loose connective tissue, and reticular loose connective tissue
142.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?: Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
143.
What are the two body cavities?: Dorsal Body Cavity and Ventral Body Cavity
144.
What are the two cavities that make up the Dorsal Body Cavity?: Cranial Cavity (Brain) and Spinal Cavity (spinal cord)
145.
What are the two cavities that make up the Ventral Body Cavity?: Thorasic Cavity (superior to the diaphragm) and Abdomin-Pelvic Cavity (inferior to the diaphragm)
146.
What are the two specializations of epithelial tissue?: Cilia- hair like projections (in columnar shape) found in the nasal cavity and oviduct
Microvilli-finger like projections found in the small intestine
147.
What are the two types of basement membranes?: Basal Lamina and Reticular Lamina
148.
What are the two types of connective tissue proper?: Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
149.
What are the two types of electron microscopes?: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
150.
What are the two types of endocytosis?: Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
151.
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?: Smooth and Rough
152.
What are the two types of glands?: Endocrine glands and Exocrine glands
153.
What are the two types of Secondary Active Transport?: Cotransport/Symport and Counter Transport/Antiport
154.
What are two types of plasma membrane proteins?: Integral Plasma Membrane Proteins (IPMP) and Peripheral Plasma Membrane Proteins (PPMP)
155.
What determines if a substance achieves access into and out of the cell?: The size, shape change, has a carrier molecule, and if it is lipid soluble
156.
What direction do substances in Cotransport/Symport go?: Substances go the same direction
157.
What direction do substances in counter tranpsort/antiport go?: Substances go the opposite direction
158.
What does electrochemical equilibrium equal?: Cell at rest
159.
What invented device led us to be able to view inside the cell, or the cellular components?: Electron Microscope
160.
What invention led us to be able to view hard structures inside the body?: X-Ray
161.
What is a depiction of the phospholipid bilayer and plasma proteins?: Fluid Mosaic Model
162.
What is an example of multicellular glands?: Alveolar (oil glands) or Tubular (found in stomach and instestines
163.
What is an example of Primary Active Transport?: Sodium/Potassium ATPase Pump
164.
What is an example of unicellular glands?: Mucin glands; produce mucous, goblet cells
165.
What is the biggest invention in the dark ages and what level of organization did it allow us to explore?: The light microscope; Cells and tissues
166.
What is the function of pseudostratified columnar?: Secretion
167.
What is the function of simple columnar?: Absorption and secretion
168.
What is the function of simple cuboidal?: Secretion and absorption
169.
What is the function of simple squamous?: Diffusion and filtration
170.
What is the function of stratified squamous?: Protection
171.
What is the function of transitional?: Expansion
172.
What is the main purpose of the Fluid Mosaic Model?: Reveals that the plasma membrane is selectively permeable
173.
What is the part of the neuron that innervates some other type of cell?: Axonal Bronches and Terminals
174.
What level of organization was studied first and by whom?: Organs; Greeks
175.
What organelle contains enzymes to help break down old proteins?: Lysosomes
176.
What organelle contains mRNA?: Endoplasmic Reticulum
177.
What organelle helps cell division, aka mitosis and meiosis?: Centrioles
178.
What organelle houses DNA?: Nucleus
179.
What organelle is a protein synthesizer, or protein maker?: Ribosomes
180.
What organelle is used for the specialization of proteins?: Golgi Body
181.
What organelle makes and stores ATP and contains mtDNA?: "Power house of the cell"; Mitochondria
182.
What part of the phospholipids are hydrophilic?: Phospholipid heads
183.
What part of the phospholipids are hydrophobic?: Phospholipid tails
184.
What two inventions do not use radiation?: Ultrasounds and MRI's
185.
What two inventions use radiation?: X-Ray and CT Scan
186.
What type of cell to cell contact gives each cell its own unique "finger print" or identity?: Cell identity
187.
Where are IPMPs found?: The are embedded across the plasma membrane; channels
188.
Where are PPMPs found?: They float between the inside and outside surface of the plasma membrane; the "taxis"
189.
Where is elastic cartilage found?: Ears and the epiglottis (the flapping things over the larynx)
190.
Where is fibrocartilage found?: Inter-vertebral discs
191.
Where is hyalin found?: The nose, larynx, trachea rings, the end of long bones (arms and legs), and at the end of the lower ribs
192.
Where is pseudostratified columnar found?: Upper respiratory tract (bronchi), nasal cavity, and the trachea
193.
Where is simple columnar found?: Digestive tract, uterine ducts, and uterus
194.
Where is simple cuboidal found?: Kidney tubules, ducts, small glands, and ovaries
195.
Where is simple squamous found?: Kidney glomeruli, capillaries, Alveoli, and Serosa
196.
Where is stratified columnar found?: Male urethra and pharynx, but rare
197.
Where is stratified cuboidal found?: Large glands, but rare
198.
Where is stratified squamous found?: Kerotanized (hard coating)=skin, unkerotanized= oral cavity and anal lining
199.
Where is transitional found?: Urinary bladder
200.
Which PMP achieves cell to cell contact?: IPMPs
201.
Which PMP can act as receptors and enzymes?: Both IPMPs and PPMPs
202.
White blood cells: leukocytes; all nucleated
203.
Who is Aristotle?: One of the first anatomy students who was the first to use animals to dissect as a learning tool about anatomy and described arteries and veins
204.
Who is Galen?: He did vivisections on animals, wrote the first anatomy textbook, and described the function of arteries and veins
205.
Who is Herophilus and Erasistratus?: They were the first to contribute to the knowledge of physiology through vivisections on human criminals
206.
Who is Hippocrates?: "Father of Western Medicine" and the earliest known physician
207.
Who is Plato?: Philosopher and Aristotle's mentor who established the first college
