AP Chem CH 1,2
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30 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 process that lies at the center of scientific inquirySteps: 1. Make observations (take measurements) 2. Draw hypothesis 3. Perform the experiment | scientific method |
| theory | set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some natural phenomenon |
| natural law | generally observed behavior is formulated into this statement |
| law of conservation of mass | total mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical change |
| 1. a number 2. a scale | quantitative measurement has 2 things |
| SI system | pretty universal system all over the world based on the metric system and units derived from it |
| commonly also called a cubic decimeter 1 L = 1 dm^3 = 1,000 cm^3 = 1,000 mL | liter |
| mass | measure of resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion |
| weight | force that gravity exerts on an object |
| significant figures | numbers that are the certain digits and the 1st uncertain digits |
| accuracy | the agreement of particular value with true value |
| precise | the degree of agreement among being reproducible |
| 1. random error and 2. systematic error | 2 types of errors |
| random error | aka indeterminate error; the measurement has equal probability of being high or low |
| systematic error | aka determinate error; the measurement occurs in the same direction each time; either always being high or always being low |
| K + 273 = C | equation to convert Kelvins to Celsius |
| C - 273 = K | equation to convert Celsius to Kelvins |
| density | a property of matter used as "identification tag" (mass/volume) |
| matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| pure substance | substance that has constant composition |
| distillation | process depends on differences in volatility but important method for separating components of a mixture |
| filtration | another method of separation used when the mixture consists of a solid and liquid |
| compound | substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes |
| chemical change | substance becomes new or has different properties with this |
| elements | substances that can't be simpler broken down by any means |
| law of definite proportion | law discovered by Joseph Proust when he found out that a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass |
| law of multiple proportions | John Dalton discovered this law and it said that when 2 elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the 2nd element that combine with 1 gram of the 1st element can always be reduced to small whole numbers |
| law of conservation of mass | law discovered by Antoine Lavoisier that said that mass is neither created nor destroyed |
| binary compound | compound composed of 2 elements |
| oxyanion | anions that contain an atom of a given element a different number of oxygen atoms (such as ClO-) |
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