1.
backward reconstruction: the tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants backward toward the original language
2.
conquest theory: Proto-Indo-European west of the horseback of the fertile cresent
3.
Creole language: a mixture of languages
4.
culture: the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by members of a society
5.
deep reconstruction: process by which an extinct language is recreated
6.
dialect: local or regional characteristics of a language
7.
dialect chains: a set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related
8.
dispersal theory: Proto-Indo-Europeans were first crried eastward into southwest asia
9.
extinct language: a language no longer used
10.
Germanic languages: languages based on german
11.
global language: language used commonly around the world
12.
isogloss: a line that separates dialects
13.
language: a set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication
14.
language convergence: languages form together into one
15.
language divergence: new languages are formed
16.
languages family: languages which share a fairly distant origin
17.
lingua franca: a mixture of Italian French Greek Spanish and Arabic
18.
monolingual states: a state that uses one language
19.
multilingual states: a state that uses many languages
20.
mutuall intelligibility: the ability of two people to understand each other while speaking
21.
nostratic: believed to be the root of Proto-Indo-European as well as Kartvelian
22.
official language: the promoted language of a region
23.
pidgin language: when parts of two or more languages come together to form a simplified structure and vocabulary
24.
place: uniqueness of a location
25.
Proto-Indo-European: linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European Language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin Greek and Sanskrit languages
26.
Renfrew hypothesis: three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, gave rise to three language families: Indo-European, Arabic Languages, and mid-eastern languages
27.
Romance Languages: languages based on roman
28.
Slavic languages: languages based on slovakian
29.
sound shift: slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin
30.
standard language: the variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life
31.
subfamilies: divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent
32.
toponym: the ability to know something about a place by its name