Community & Public Health Dentistry Ch 3 terms
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46 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Epidemiology | study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems |
| Acute | referring to a health effect, brief exposure of high intensity |
| Chronic | referring to a health-related state lasting a long time |
| Case (case study) | epidemiologic study that compares persons with a disease or condition with another group of people in the same population with the disease or condition. the study is used to identify risks and trends, suggest some possible causes for disease, or for particular outcomes |
| Cross-sectional study | a study that examines the relationship between diseases (or other health-related characteristics) and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at one particular time ("snapshot of the frequency and characteristics of a disease in a population at a particular time") |
| Dichotomous scale | a measurement scale that arranges items into either of two mutually exclusive categories, ("it's either black or white") |
| Ecoepidemiology | conceptual approach that unifies molecular, social, and population-based epidemiology in a multilevel application of methods aimed at identifying causes, categorizing risks, and controlling public health problems |
| Ecologic study | epidemiologic study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals, ("conducted by examining records") |
| Endemic | the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group |
| Epidemic | occurance in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expentancy |
| Pandemic | an epidemic occuring over a very wide area and usually affecting a large proportion of the population |
| Etiology | science of causes, causality; in common use, cause |
| Idiopathic | unknown etiology |
| Eradication | termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of an infectious agent through surveillance and containment |
| Control | Keep the disease at minimum levels so it no longer poses a health problem |
| Incidence | number of instances of illness commencing, or of persons falling ill, during a given period in a specified population; more generally, the number of new events (e.g. new cases of a disease in a defined population) within a specified period of time (synonym: incident number) |
| Prevalence | number of instances of a given disease or other condition in a given population at a designated time; when used without qualification, term usually refers to the situation at a specific point in time (point prevalence) |
| Surveillance | ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation of health data essential to planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and rapidity. closely integrated with the timely dissemination of health information to responsible parties. application of data in public health decision making and use of data to prevent and control diseases and conditions. an essential feature of epidemiology |
| Surveillance system | functional capacity for data collection, analysis, and dissemination linked to public health programs. |
| Monitoring | intermittent performance and analysis of routine measurements aimed at detecting changes in the environment of health status of populations; not to be confused with surveillance, which is a continuous process, ("typically through self reporting") |
| Morbidity | any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiologic or psychologic well-being; in this sense, sickness, illness, and morbid condition are similarly defined and synonymous |
| Mortality | death rate resulting from a specific disease or condition |
| Multifactorial etiology | referring to the concept that a given disease or other outcome may have more than one cause; a combination of causes or alternative combinations of causes may be required to produce the effect |
| Occurence | in epidemiology, a general term describing the frequency of a disease or other attribute or event in a population without distinguishing between incidence and prevalence |
| Prospective study | a research design used that looks forward |
| Retrospective study | a research design that uses a review of past events |
| Sensitivity | proportion of truly diseased persons as identified by the screening test; the measure of the probability of a correct diagnosis or the probability that any given case will be identified by the test (synonym: true-positive rate) |
| Specificity | proportio of truly nondiseased persons identified by the screening test; a measure of the probability of correctly identifying a nondiseased person with a screening test (synonym: true-negative rate) |
| Epidemiological exam | examination with no diagnosis just the information the agency needs to collect (indices) |
| Type I examination method | complete exam: includes mouth mirror and explorer, lighting, thorough radiographs (FMX), study models and tests as needed |
| Type II examination method | limited exam: includes mouth mirror and explorer, lighting, posterior bitewings and selected PA's |
| Type III examination method | mouth mirror, lighting |
| Type IV examination method | screening, tongue depressor, lighting |
| Risk factor | a modifiable attribute or exposure KNOWN to be associated with a health condition |
| Risk indicator | modifiable attribute that has been shown to be associated with a disease in cross-sectional or case control studies (not confirmed by longitudinal studies) |
| Cohort study | the method of epidemiology study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified and observed for a sufficient number of person-years to generate reliable incidence or mortality rates in the populations subsets; usually a large population, study for a prolonged period (years), or both, (synonym: concurrent, follow-up, incidence, longitudinal, prospective study) |
| Risk marker | associated with the increased probaility of disease, but it is not considered to have a causal role in its development, (ex, age, gender, race, ethnicity, nonmodifiable) |
| Determinants | factors or events capable of bringing about a change in health |
| Interexaminer reliability | agreement between 2 or more examiners as they apply an index or instrument over time |
| Intraexaminer reliability | consistency of a single examiner in the application of an index or instrument over time |
| Ratio | expresses a relation in the size between 2 random quantities |
| Proportion | type of a ratio that expresses the amount of disease or health condition with a fraction that presents it in relation to the size of the population |
| Rate | expression of a disease in a population using a standardized denominator and including a time dimension |
| Name three types of rates | morbidity, mortality, incidence |
| Reliability | consistency or reproducibility of a measurement over time |
| Validity | accuracy of a measurement produced by measuring what is supposed to be measured |
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