| Term | Definition |
| William The Conqueror | leader of Norman Conquest, united most of England |
| King John | signed Magna Carta, limiting the King's power-England |
| Hugh Capet | established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France |
| Joan of the Arc | was a unifying factor-France |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | unified country of Spain and expelled Muslim Moors |
| Philip II | expanded Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere |
| Ivan The Great | centralized power in Moscow, expanded the Russian nation, and threw off rule of the Mongols |
| Hundred Years' War | War between England and France. Helped define France and England as a nation |