Communication in Society--Shaw
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99 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Media literacy | ability to understand and make productive use of media |
| media criticism | analysis used to assess the effects of media on individuals, societies, and cultures |
| career prep | use of media by students who want to explore media careers |
| critic vs. prep | critic- harsh; unrealistic prep- simplistic; vital |
| mediated comm | messages conveyed through interposed devices rather than face-to-face |
| medium | interposed device used to transmit messages |
| mediated interpersonal communication | sharing of personal messages through an interposed device |
| converging communication media | merging of phones and internet |
| convergence | merging of technologies, industries, and content, especially within the realms of computer, telephone, and mass media |
| cultural imperialism | displacement of nation's customs with any other country foreigners dont always like us media |
| economies of scale | savings that accrue with mass production large numbers=less cost |
| synergy | combination in which the whole is more than the sum of its parts (buisness) |
| cross-merchandizing | promoting a product in one form to sell it in some other form |
| group ownership | aquisition of the same type of buisness in more than one market area by one company |
| conglomerates | large companies involved in different types of buisnesses |
| vertical integration | buisiness models in which a company owns different parts of the same industry |
| antitrust laws | laws that prohibit monopolisitic practices in restraint of trade |
| horizontal integration | corporate growth through the aquisition of different types of buisnesses |
| adversarial relationship | relationship in which 2 parties contend with or oppose eachother (US---> media + gov) 4th estate: press as an unofficial 4th branch of gov |
| what is the most common type of integration | combined integration |
| how does media affect elections? | only ppl with money can compete because it is so expensive |
| audience and media | audience is final arbiter of meaning -has economic clout -acceptance establishes new technology -organized audience makes a difference |
| impact issues legal issues ethical issues | how media affects society and people in it libel; invasion of privacy morality of media |
| modeling | imitation of behavior in medua |
| content analysis | research method of isolating and observing variables in a controlled environment |
| survey methods | research methods that rely on questionairres to collect research data |
| random sampling | method that ensures that every member of the population being studied has an equal chance of being chosen |
| selective exposure | process by which people seek out messages that are consistent with their attitudes |
| selective perception | process by which people with different attitudes interpret the same messages differently |
| selective retention | process by which people with different view remember the same event differently |
| opinion leaders | well-informed people who help others interpret media messages |
| two-step flow | communication process in which media affects travel through opinion leaders |
| american solider studies | 1942 -documentary films for military orientation -educational movies |
| applied research | (conducted by industry) media investigations devoted to practical, commercial purposes |
| desensitization | viewers develop emotional neutrality in the face of real life acts of violence |
| powerful-effects model | model that predicts that media will have swift and potent influence on behavior |
| minimal-effects model | little influence on behavior |
| mixed effects model | combination of influences |
| flow theories | explanations of the way effects travel from the mass media to their audiences |
| bullet theory | implies that media effects flow directly from the media to an individual |
| multi-step flow | complex interaction of media effects |
| social learning theory | people learn by observing others |
| socialization | process by which a child learns the norms of society |
| individual differences theory | predicts that people with different characteristics will be affected in different ways |
| diffusion of innovations theory | different types of people will adopt new ideas at different times |
| cultivation theories | media shapes how people view the world |
| agenda setting theory | predicts the amount of attention given to an issue in the media affects the level of importance assigned to it by the public |
| cumulative effects theory | media have profound effects over time through redundancy |
| uses and gratifications theory | looks at the ways media consumers choose media to meet their needs |
| cultural studies | research based on careful observation and thought rather than on controlled experiments or statistics |
| media ecology | school of cultural study that suggests that media make up an ecological system for humans |
| gender studies | research that looks at how the media deal with male and female roles |
| political/economical analysis | theory that predicts that a culture's exchange system will influence its values |
| third person effect | media affects other people more than oneself -violence leads to aggression -aggression leads to violence viewing -both are products of a 3rd condition like personality or intelligence |
| catharsis theory | idea that viewing violence actually reduces violent behavior |
| correlation | 2 things occur at the same time, more often than chance would lead one to expect |
| seditious libel laws | laws established in colonial America that made it illegal to criticize government or its representatives |
| mercantile press | newspapers that provided news of business and shipping |
| federalist papers | essays that explained the new federal government to early americans; published in 1788 as The Federalist |
| partisan press | newspapers owned or supported by political parties |
| editorial page | section of newspaper reserved for the opinion of pieces |
| hard news | stories about current events that have impact on people's lives |
| feature news | stories directed towards human interest |
| penny press | inexpensive, advertise-supported papers that appeared in the 1830s -Benjamin Day -NY Sun -1 cent -newshole |
| newsprint | inexpensive paper |
| news hole | total amount of space in a paper that can be devoted to editorial content vs advertising |
| sensationalism | exaggeration and lurid elements to produce a startling effect |
| objectivity | writing style that separates facts from opinions |
| byline | line at the beginning of a story giving author's name |
| inverted pyramid | news style that packs info into first paragraph |
| investigative journalism | reporting that uncovers information that sources have tried to conceal |
| tabloids | paper characterized by a smaller size than a standard paper, a single fold, and abundant photos |
| chain | one company that owns same type of company in more than one market area -Ben Franklin owned 1st us chain -Edward Willis Stripps- founder of first modern paper chain |
| Boston Newsletter | -john campbell -Boston Gazette -published by colonial government -license to publish -seditious libel laws |
| weeklies | -4 pages -paper and labor expensive -inaccurate |
| John Peter Zenger | 1735**** -NY weekly -government criticism -not guilty -first amendment in 1791 |
| Samuel Morse | -1848 -wire service -six ny papers shared correspondant to save money |
| the quality press | ny times-1896 wall street journal-1889 |
| first tabloid | 1919 |
| canons of journalism | 1923- American Society of Newspaper Editors -canons of journalism --responsibility --freedom --truth, etc |
| William Randolph Hearst | NY Journal -like inquirer -tabloid -owned chain --2 wiring services --20 papers |
| codex | books with parchment in 1st century Rome |
| technological determinism | theory that states that the intro of new technology changes society -changed ORAL to LITERATE culture |
| trade | books sold to general public |
| educational | textbooks |
| reference | dictionaries, encyclopedias |
| proffesional | information people need for specialized occupations |
| aquisition editors | responsible for obtaining books to be published |
| royalties | author's share of the net amount of the works revenue |
| development | works with author going over each chpt and suggests revision |
| production | oversees the process of turning manuscript to book |
| copy | polishes manuscript and prepares for type setting |
| minority publishers | target particular audiences |
| university presses | publisher affiliated with an institution of higher education |
| small presses and others | few employees and facilities |
| vanity press | requires authors to pay full costs of producing their own books |
| online publishers | "supported self-publishing" through websites -less expensive |
| megastore | features around 100,000 book titles |
| midlist authors | dont make best seller list but have respectable sales |
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