Homewood AP Euro- Wars of Religion Quiz
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carterdoyle on September 15, 2011
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Habsburg-Valois Wars | A series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 between the leading European powers (Austria/ Spanish vs. the French) for control of the Italian states. The French lost their claims to Italian lands, but did help keep Germany from uniting. |
| Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis, 1559 | This ended 60 years of conflict between the Valois (Charles VIII, then Francis I, then Henry II of France) and the Hapsburgs (Charles V). At this point, both sides were spent in money and energy, and there was no clear winner, but the French did lose theri claims to Italian lands. |
| Philip II | Habsburg king of Spain, Spanish colonies, parts of Italy, and the Netherlands. Son of Charles V. Waged wars against Protestants and Ottomans. Seen as first absolute ruler. |
| Escorial | Spanish imperial palace built by Philip II from1563-1584, combining a monastery, the tomb of Spanish Habsburgs, and a royal residence. It was built in the shape of a grill to commemorate the martyrdom of St. Lawrence. |
| Battle of Lepanto | Sea battle (1571) in which Spain and Venetian forces defeat the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece. Ended Ottoman threat in western Mediterranean. Seen as Philip II's greatest victory. |
| Moriscos | Muslim Moors in Spain who had converted to Christianity. Their conversion was often questioned. They were persecuted and often came before the Inquisition. Revolted against Philip II. Expelled by Philip III. Loss to the economy of Spain. |
| Dutch Revolt | (1566-79) Caused for religious reasons; Protestant Region in Northern Spanish Netherlands/Dutch Republic; they revolted against Spanish authority for political and religious independence from Spain. Recognized as independent after 30 Years' War. |
| William of Orange | Protestant ruler of the Netherlands who led a revolt for independence against Hapsburg Philip II of Spain. |
| Spanish Fury | During the occupation of the Low Countries, Phillip II's forces spent 11 days sacking Antwerp . During the subsequent rampage, these Spanish troops pillaged and murdered over six thousand people. They did so b/c they were paid in loot they could take. |
| United Provinces of the Netherlands | 7 Protestant provinces of Netherlands that declared independence from Spain in 1579; It was different from other European states of the time because people there practiced religious toleration & it was not a kingdom but a republic. |
| Spanish Netherlands | 10 southern provinces of the Netherlands that remained under control of Philip II after initially joining the Protestant provinces in a short lived confederation during the Dutch Revolt. Modern day Belgium. |
| Mary Tudor | Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558. She re-established the Catholic Church and persecuted Protestants within England. Married to Philip II. |
| Elizabeth I | Queen of England from 1558 to 1603. She re-established the Anglican Church in England. The church she established was a compromise b/w Catholic (ritual/ organization) and Protestant (doctrine). Under rule, England defeated the Spanish Armada. |
| Mary Stuart | Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed. |
| Spanish Armada | (1588) the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. |
| Miguel Cervantes | Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry of the Middle Ages and the idealism of Philip II. He influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616) |
| Don Quixote | A comedic book written by Miguel de Cervantes during the reign of Philip II. The title character is now used to refer to idealists that champion hopeless or fanciful causes. This book was a comment on the Middle Ages and Philip II's idealistic wars of religion. |
| French Civil Wars | Wars of religion and dynastic supremacy that rocked France from 1562- 1598. They ocurred because of the death of the Valois king, Henry II, and his wife's inability to stop the spread of Calvinism in France. The Guise (Catholic), Valois (Catholic), and Bourbn (Protestant) families were involved. |
| Catherine de Medicis | (1518-1589) The widow of Henry II; was the real power behind the throne as regent during the reigns of her sons Charles XI and Henry III; her overriding concern was to ensure her sons' succession and to preserve the power of the monarchy. |
| St. Bartholomew Day Massacre | Six week nationwide slaughter of Huguenots in France. Started when Huguenot nobles were in Paris attending the marriage of Catherine de Medici's daughter to a Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre. |
| War of the Three Henry's | This was the last of the civil wars that occurred over the religious differences and dynastic supremacy in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV). Henry IV emerged as the leader of France. |
| Henry IV | of Navarre. 1st Bourbon king of France. Ended French civil wars by converting to Catholicism and passing the Edict of Nantes. Laid foundation for absolutism. Assassinated in 1610. |
| politique | A ruler who suppresses his or her religious or personal ideals for the sake of what is best for the state. |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598. Decree issued by King Henry IV to restore internal peace. It defined the rights of the French Protestants and allowed them to build fortified towns and establish courts. |
| Ivan IV | Czar of Russia. During early years he made many reforms and expanded borders. Later in life he was paranoid and his strict policies lost many of his followers. He killed his only heir and launched Russia into a Time of Troubles. |
| Time of Troubles | Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. |
| Michael Romanov | (1613-1673) In 1613 an assembly of nobles chose this man as the new czar. For the next 300 years the Romanov family ruled in Russia. |
| Thirty Years' War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the Holy Roman Emperor and his Habsburg allies. It began as a religious war, but ended as a struggle for national superiority. 1618- 1648. |
| Bohemian phase | The first phase of the Thirty Years' War which culminated in the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain. |
| Defenestration of Prague | marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, the Catholic King of Bohemia closed some Protestant Churches which caused Protestants to throw 2 of the kings officials out of a castle window. |
| Danish Phase | Second phase of the Thirty Years War. Began when King Christian IV intervened on behalf of the Protestant cause and led an army into northern Germany. He was defeated and his nation was controlled by the Holy Roman Emperor. |
| egalitarianism | The doctrine of the equality of mankind and the desirability of political, economic and social equality. |
| empiricism | Philosophical doctrine that knowledge derives from experience and observation. |
| skepticism | A philosophy based on the idea that nothing can be known for certain, as ancient "truths" are routinely replaced by new "truths". Because of this, people should be more tolerant of other people and cultures. |
| Albrecht von Wallenstein | Protestant born German mercenary who hired his army out to the Holy Roman Emperor during the 30 Years War. He led his troops to many early victories against protestant forces. He was later assassinated by the HRE after rumors spread that he was negotiating with the Protestants. |
| Edict of Restitution | Imperial law decreed by HRE Ferdinand II that prohibited all Calvinist worship and restored Catholic ownership of land taken by the Protestant Princes of the Reformation. This occured after early victories in the 30 Years' War. |
| Swedish Phase | The third period of the Thirty Years' War marked by Sweden's entrance into the war. During this period, the Protestants began to defeat the Catholics on many fronts. |
| Gustavus Adolphus | King of Sweden who entered the 30 Years' War on the side of the Protestants after Catholic forces defeated and occupied northern Germany and Denmark. His disciplined army, supported by (Catholic) France, drove Catholic forces back to southern Germany. he died in battle. |
| French Phase | The fourth and final period of the Thirty Years' War marked by France's entrance into the war on the side of the Protestants; this gave the Protestants the support needed to defeat the Catholics. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Advisor to French king Louis XIII. His goals were to strengthen the French monarchy and France's position within Europe. He joined the 30 Years' War on the Protestant side in order to weaken the Habsburgs. He weakened the Huguenots and nobles withing France. Established path to French absolutism under Louis XIV. |
| Treaty of Westphalia | Agreement that ended the 30 Years' War. It led to the division of Germany by giving princes the power to decide which faith they would follow and making them independent of the HRE. It granted the Swiss and Dutch Republics independence. It gave France some Habsburg lands. It was made at what is seen as the first modern peace conference. |
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