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Causality things have causes, and causes lead to effects Research Design blueprint for conduction a study Multicausality presence of multiple causes for an effect Probability addresses relative rather than absolute causality Bias slant or deviation from the true or expected Control having the power to direct or manipulate factors to achieve a desired outcome Manipulation form of control used most commonly in experimental or quasi-experimental research Descriptive Design used to develop theories, identify problems with current practice, justify current practice, make judgments, or determine what other nurses in similar situations are doing Comparative Descriptive Design used to describe variables and to examine differences in variables in two or more groups that occur naturally in a setting Case Study Design examines a single unit within the context of its real-life environment Relational Design examine relationships between or among two or more variabls in a single group in a quantitative study Descriptive Relational Design to describe variables and examine relationships among these variables Predictive Relational Design predict the value of one variable based on values obtained for another variable(s) Model Testing Design requires that all variables relevant to the model be measured Quasi-experimental Design search for knowledge and examination of causality in situations in which complete control is not possible; lack random assignment Experimental Design relatively simple and others very complex, have been developed for a varity of studies focused on examining causality Pretest/Posttest researcher has a group of subjects who receive experimental treatment (or intervention) and a comparison group of subjects who reveive no treatment (or standard care) Experimental consists of pretest/postest, control group, treatment, comparison group, independent & dependent variables, and diagram Control Group receives no treatment or placebo Comparison Group similar to control, in quasi-experimental, no treatment Treatment under control of researcher Characteristics of Quantitative Design manipulation controls treatment, control group has not received treatment, randomiaztion procedures are rigidly adhered to in a study Randomization procedures used to assign subjects to the experimental and control groups Elements of Experimental Research random assignment of subjects to groups, precisely defined independent variable, researcher-controlled manipulation of the intervention or independent variable, reseacher control of situation or setting or comparison grooup, clearly indentified sampling criteria, carefully measured dependent variables, & controlled environment Qualitative variables in natural settings; non numerical explanations Chacteristcs of Qualitative Design flexible, holistic, understanding not predicting, researcher is involved, and ongoing analysis