kiniseology quiz 2
About this set
Created by:
nikkiwansing on September 15, 2011
Subjects:
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
89 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 epithelial | SKIN sheet of cells that covers an exposed area or lines an internal cavity -provide physical protection -control permeability -provide sensation -produce secialized secretions |
| connective tissues | found throughout body never exposed to the enviorment outside of body -bone -fat -blood |
| connective tissue | basic components -specialized cells -extracellular protein fibers -fluid known as ground substance |
| functions of connective tissue | -structural framework -transporting fluids -protection for organs -support -energy reserves defending the body |
| connective tissue proper | contains ground substance, extracellular fibers |
| fixed cells | stationary/involved primarily with local maintenance, repair and energy storage |
| wandering cells | concerned with defense and repair of damaged cells |
| fibroblasts | "fiber building" most abundant fixed cell, always present, maintenance, and maintain matrix |
| fixed microphages | "eaters" engulf damaged cells or pathogens that enter the tissue |
| adipocytes | fat cells, enormous liquid droplet |
| mesenchymal cells | "stem cells" respond to local injury or infection |
| melanocytes | "skin celss" store brown pigment, give tissue dark color |
| free macrophages | "wander" thru connective tissue |
| mast cell | found near blood cells. secretory granules of histamine and heparin, stimulation of local inflammation |
| lymphocytes | "help with infection" |
| microphages | migrate thru connective tissue in small numbers "mobilize during infection or tissue injury" |
| collagen fibers | long straight and unbranched strongest fibers in connective issue proper wound together like rope flexible and strong |
| tendons | consist almost entirely of collagen fibers connect tissue to bone |
| ligaments | resemble tendons connect bone to bone |
| reticular fibers | thinner than collagen contain same protien subunites as collagen fiber, interact in different way tough but flexible, like spiderweb resist forces in many directions -spleen -liver |
| elastic fibers | contain protien elastic stretch 150% of resting length dominated by elastic fibers relatively rare, interconnect vertabrae |
| ground substance | fluid in bone surrounds cellular and fibrous components of connective tissue like maple syrup |
| loose connective tissue | "packing material" in body fill spaces in organs, provide cushion, support epithelia |
| aeolar tissue | least specialized contains all cells and fibers in any connective tissue proper framework allows distortion ground substance is most volume elastice fiber makes it resilient forms layer seperating skin from deeper strucures |
| adipose tissue | "fat" provides cushion, padding, insulator to slow heat loss "white fat" brown fat in children |
| reticular tissue | "spider web of fiber" reticular fiber, marcrophages, and fibroblasts -stroma of liver -spleen -lymph nodes -bone marrow |
| dense connective tissue | occuoied by fibers collagenous because collagen fibers are dominated by fiber type |
| dense regular | collagen fibers tightly packed and aligned parallel to applied forces |
| tendons | muscle to bone |
| aponeuroses | attach superficial muscles to another muscle structure abs, lumbar region, palmar region bottom of foot |
| elastic tissue | stretchy found in walls of blood vessels surround respiratory passageways |
| ligament | bone to bone |
| dense irregular | "inconsistent" strength and support to areas subjected to stress in many directions internal organs and forms sheath around cartliage and bones |
| dermis | gives skin strength |
| fluid connective tissue | blood and lymph watery matrix -cells suspended protiens |
| blood | ... |
| red blood cells | half volume of blood transport oxygen in blood |
| white blood cells | immune system, protects the body from infection and disease |
| platelets | function in clotting response "scab" |
| lymph | immune system, respond to signs of injury |
| cartliage | firm gel contains complex polysaccharides -chondroitin sulfates, complex with proteins collagen fibers provide tensile strength extracellular fibers and ground substance give it flexibility and resillience |
| chondrocytes | carliage cells, only cells found withon cartliage martix (fluid) live in lacunae (small chambers) |
| avascular | cartliage |
| hyaline | most common type of cartliage matrix closely packed in collagen fibers tough, flexible, but weakest -connections between ribs and sternum -passageways of repiratory tract -elbow/knee |
| elastic cartliage | elastic fibers resilient and flexible -external flap of ear epiglottis, throat -auditory tube, airway of ear -small cartilage of larynx(vociebox) |
| fibro cartilage | little ground substance dominated by collagen fibers -densely interwoven -durable and tough RESIST COMPRESSION, ABSORB SHOCK, PREVENT DAMAGING BONE-TO-BONE CONTACT -pads between spinal vertabrae -pubic bones |
| bone | osseus tissie -combination of collagen fibers and calcium salts consists of SPONGY bone and COMPACT bone |
| bone/osseous | matrix of bone tissue -1/3 consists of collagen fibers -mixture of calcium salts strong/flexible bones |
| lacunae | small chambers within the matrix contain the osteocytes -organized around blood vessels that branch through the bony matrix |
| diffusion cannot | occur through the calcium salts |
| osteocytes communicate | with blood vessels through long, slender passages in the matrix called CANALICULI |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells maintain and monitor protein and mineral of surrounding matrix (recycling) -directs release of calcium from bone to blood -directs deposition of calcium salts in surrounding matrix -occupy small lacunae between layers of calcified matrix contain cytoplasmic processes and ground substance route for diffusion of nutrients and waste products |
| matrix layers | known as lamellae |
| osteoblasts | cuboidal shape inner/outer surfaces of bone secrete organic components of bone matrix-oseoid -later becomes mineralized RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCTION OF NEW BONE (osteogenesis) if surrounded by martix, differentiates into osteocyte |
| osteoprogenitor cells | small square shaped cells differentiate from mesenchymal cells found in innermost layer of periosteum and endosteum lining marrow cavities divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts IMPORTANT TO PRODUCE OSTEOBLASTS AFTER BONE IS CRACKED/BROKE |
| osteoclasts | large multinucleate cells where bone is being removed secrete acids that dissolve bony matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate ----> osteolysi-increase calcium and phosphate concentration in body fluids |
| balance between clast/blast | is very important because -clasts remove calcium salts faster than osteoblasts deposit them->weaker bones -blast activity predominates -> bones become stronger and more massive |
| compact bone | dense bone relatively dense and solid -forms walls |
| spongy bone | open network of struts and plates -internal layer of spongy bone surrounds medullary cavity |
| medullary cavity contains bone marrow | loose connective tissue that may be yellow marrow(dominated by adipocytes) or red marrow (mixture of mature/immature red and white blood cells and the stem cells that produce them |
| osteocytes are arranged | in concentric layers (circular) around a central canal (haversian system) |
| central canal | runs parallel to the surface of the bone and contain blood vessels that supply the osteon(bone cell) |
| perforating canals | run perpendicular to the surface (volmanns canal) -deliver blood to osteons deeper in the bone and service the interior marrow cavity |
| concentric lamellae | each osteon are cylindrical and aligned parallel to the long axis of the bone -form a series of concentric rings around the central canal -collagen fibers spiral along the length of each lamella, strengthens osteon |
| interstital lamellae | fill spaces between the osteons "stitches" |
| circumferential lamella | occur at external and internal surfaces of the bone |
| spongy bone | parallel lamellae from struts or thin branching plates called traceulae which gives it considerable strength -genarally no osteons --nutrients reach osteocytes by duffusion along canaliculi that open into the surfaces of the trabeculae -frame work = lighter presence of spongy bone reduces the weight of the skeleton =much easier for muscles to move the bones |
| compact vs spongy | compact-thickest where stress arrive from limited directions compact bone surrounds medllary cavity - bone has 2 ends (epiphyses) serperated by tubular diaphysis.connected by narrow metaphysis osteons run parallel to axis = strength along axis(straw) spongy- capable of resisting stresses from different directions - abundant in epiphyses open trabecular framework provides protection for bone marrow yellow=energy;found in shaft red=blood cells formation; found in epiphyses |
| periosteum | layer of compact bone is covered by the periosteum -outter fibrous layer of dense connective tissue -inner cellular layer containing osteoprogenitor cells does not surround sesamoid bones or where bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilages near joints peristeum becomes continuous with connective tissue, helps stabilize joint |
| periosteum | 1 protects the bone 2 circulatory/nervous supply 3 bone growth 4 attaches bone to connective tissue |
| perforating fibers | collagen fibers incorporated into bone tissue from tendons and superficial periosteum -powerful pull on tendon will usually break bone rather than snap collagen fibers at bone surface |
| bone development and growth | determines size and proportion of body bony skeleton begins to form about 6 weeks after fertilzation and continues during adolescence |
| ossification | process of replacing other tissues with bone =formation of bone |
| calcification | deposition of calcium salts with in a tissue |
| intramembraneous | bone develops from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue begins when mesenchymal cells differintiate into osteoblasts within embryotic/fibrous connective occurs in deeper layers of dermis |
| frontal/parietal bones | skull |
| mandible | lower jaw |
| clavicle | collarbone |
| sesamoid bones | with in tendons, patella |
| osteoblasts cluster together and begin to secrete organic components of matrix | ... |
| endochronal ossification | begins with formation of hyaline cartliage model initial formation of limb bones are comprimised of cartliage |
| cartliage models continue to grow | by interstitial growth-expansion of the cartliage matrix -enlarges cartliage from with in appositional growth-priduction of more cartliage at the outter surface -increases dimension of cartilage by adding to its surface |
| increasing length | during initial stages of osteogenesis osteoblasts move away from the primary ossification center toward the epiphyses but cartliage of the epiphyses continue to grow |
| cartliage being replaced by bone | shaft side of metaphysis osteoblasts are continually invading the cartilage and replacing i with bone on the epiphyseal side new cartilage is being replaced at same rate result:skeletal element continues to grow longer and longer |
| osteoblasts migrate | secondary ossifiaction center |
| cartilage growth = | osteoblast invasion = increase in bone length |
| epiphyseal closure | epiphyseal cartliage gets continually narrower until ultimately disspears |
| diamerter of bone | enlarges thru appositional growth at the outer surface adds successive layers of curcumferential lamellae to the outter surface of the bone over time deeper lamellae are recycled and replaced with the osteons typial of compact bone |
| osteoprogenitor cells | inner layer of the periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts and add bone martix to the surface |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.