| Term | Definition |
|---|
| discourse | any stretch of language which has been used to communicate something and is felt to be coherent (and may, or may not, happen to correspond to a correct sentence or a series of correct sentences)." |
| discourse | A general term for examples of language use, i.e. language which has been produced as a result of an act of communication. Whereas grammar refers to the rules a language uses to form grammatical units such as CLAUSE, PHRASE, and SENTENCE, XXXXXXXXX refers to larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations, and interviews." |
| discourse analysis | the search for what gives discourse coherence. It examines how stretches of language, considered in their full textual, social, and psychological context, become meaningful and unified for their users." |
| discourse analysis | "The study of how sentences in spoken and written language form larger meaningful units such as paragraphs, conversations, interviews, etc." |
| coherence | "the relationships which link the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text" (or, from Cook, "the quality of being meaningful and whole") |
| cohesion | "the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a text" |
| sentence linguistics data | isolated sentences / grammatically well-formed / without context / invented or idealised |
| discourse analysis data | any stretch of language felt to be unified/ achieving meaning / in context / observed |
| grammatical cohesion | rules operating across sentence boundaries – formal links between sentences and clauses |
| anaphoric | John? Yes, I just saw him |
| cataphoric | when I first laid eyes on her, I thought how beautiful Katy looked. |
| exophoric | outside the text (may assume shared knowledge). |
| ellipsis | omitting a word |
| nominal ellipsis | The teacher went to the board and (he / the teacher) wrote on it. |
| verbal ellipsis | I could tell you but I won't |
| conjunction | additive (and) / adversative (however) / causal (as a result of) / temporal (during) |
| lexical cohesion | direct repetition / lexical substitution (the general was a man to be feared; a merciless soldier hated by all.) / 3) Lexical Chains – sequences of related words in a text (e.g. synonyms, lexical fields, lexical sets) / 4) Signalling (via certain lexis)... e.g. the problem......the answer / solution) / register (consistent register contributes to cohesiveness of text) |
| parallelism | grammatical/structural - we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills / sound (rhyme, rhythm, etc.) / semantic parallelism (2 sentences linked because they mean the same thing) He's passed on! This parrot is no more! He has ceased to be! He's expired and gone to meet 'is maker! He's a stiff! Bereft of life, he rests in peace! |
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