Biological Proccesess - Chapter 4
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48 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Light Microscope | Visible light is passed through a specimen, such as a microorganism or a thin slice of animal or plant tissue, and then through glass lenses. |
| Cell theory | States that all living things are composes of cells and that all cells come from other cells. |
| Electron Microscope | Focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface. |
| Scanning Electron Microscope | Used to study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces. |
| Transmission Electron Microscope | Used to study the details of internal cell structure. |
| Prokaryotic Cells | In Bacteria and Archea. |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Have membrane-encolused nucleas, which houses DNA. In protists, fungi, plants, and animals. |
| Chromosomes | Carry genes made of DNA. |
| Ribosomes | Tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the genes. |
| Cytoplasm | Interior of both types of cell. |
| Nucleoid | Region where DNA is coiled into. |
| Flagella | Long projections that propel a prokaryotic cell through its liquid enviornment. |
| Organelles | "little organs" which perform specific functions in the cell. |
| Cellular Metabolism | Chemical activities of cells. |
| Nucleus | Contains most of the cells DNA. |
| Chromatin | Complex of proteins and DNA that appears as a diffuse mass. |
| Nuclear Envelope | Double membrane that encloses the nucleus. |
| Nucleolus | Prominent structure in the nucleus is the site where a special type of RNA called ribosomal RNA is synthesized. |
| Endomembrane System | System containing many of the membranes of the eukaryotic cell. |
| Vesicles | Sacs of membrane. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | The extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Smooth because it lacks attatched ribosomes. |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Has ribosomes that stud the outer surface of the membrane; thus it appears rough in the electron micrograph. |
| Lysome | Membranous sac of digestive enzymes. |
| Peroxisomes | Metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system. |
| Mitochondria | Organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells, converting the chemical energy of foods such as sugars to the chemical energy of the molecule called ATP. |
| Mitochonrial Matrix | Contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes. |
| Cristae | Folds that increase the membrane's surface area, enhancing the mitochondrian's ability to produce ATP. |
| Chloroplasts | The photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes. |
| Stroma | Thick fluid help in the compartment inside the inter membrane space. |
| Thylakoids | A network of interconnected sacs. |
| Granum | Thylakoid stacks. |
| Endosymbiont Theory | States that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells. |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm of a cell. |
| Microfilaments | Also called actin filaments. Solid rods composed mainly of globular proteins called acting, arranged in a twisted double chain. |
| Intermediate Filaments | Serve mainly to reinforce cell shape and to anchor certain organelles. |
| Microtubles | Straight, hollow tubes composed of globular proteins called tubulins. |
| Centrioles | ... |
| Cilia | The short, numerous appendages that propel protists. |
| Extracelluar Matrix | Layer that helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane. |
| Integrins | Span the membrane, attaching to the other side of proteins connected to micro filaments of the cytoskeleton. |
| Cell Wall | ... |
| Plasmodesmata | ... |
| Plasma Membrane | Forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings. |
| Glycoprotein | Short chains of sugars often linked to the polpeptide. |
| Transport Vesicle | Vesicle that moves from one part of the cell to another. |
| Gogli Apparatus | Serves as a molecular warehouse and finishing factory for products manufactured by the ER. |
| Vacuoles | Large vesicles that have a variety of functions. |
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