Bio ch. 3 & 4
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Amino acid | a small organic compound with a carboxylic acid group, an amino group, and a characteristic side group (R); monomoer of polypeptides chains. |
| ATP | Adenoside triphosphate. Nucleotide that consits of an adenine base, the five-carbon sugar ribose and three phosphate groups. The main energy carrier between reactions sites in cells |
| Carbohydrate | Organic molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio |
| Denature | To unravel the shape of a protein or other lare of biological molecule, as by high temperature or pH |
| DNA | Deoxribonecleic acid. Double-standard neucleuic acid twisted into a helix; hereditary material for all living organisms and many viruses. information in its base sequence is the basis of an organism's form and function |
| fat | Lipid with one,two, or three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol |
| Fatty acid | simple organic compound with a carboxyl group and a backbone of four 36 carbon atoms; component of many lipids. backbone of saturate types has single bonds: that of unsaturated types has one or more double bonds |
| Functional group | an atom or a group of atoms covalently bonded to carbon: imparts certain chemical properties to an organic compound |
| Hydrolysis | A type of cleavage reaction in which an enzyme breaks a bond by attaching a hydroxyl group to one atom and a hydrogen arom to the other. The hydrogen atom and the hydroxyl group are derived from a water molecule. |
| Lipid | Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound; often has one or more fatty acid components |
| metabolism | all the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells aquire and use energy as they build, remodel, and break down organic molecules. |
| Monomer | A small molecule that is a repeating subunit in a polymer; glucose-> starch |
| Nucleic acid | -single/double bond-stranded chain of nucleotides joined by a sugar-phosphate bonds eg:DNA, RNA |
| Nucleotide | Organic compound with a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and at least one phosphate group. Monomer of nucleic acids |
| Organic | Molecule that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms: many types have functional groups |
| Phospholipid | A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails: main constituent of cell membrances |
| Polymer | Large molecule of multiple linked monomers |
| polypeptide | Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Protein | Organic compound that consists of one or more polypeptide chains |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid. Type of nucleic acid typically single-stranded; important in transcription, translation, and gene control; some are catalytic. See also ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, and messenger RNA, ribzyme |
| Steroid | A type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails. |
| triglyceride | A lipid with three fattiy acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone |
| Wax | Water-repellent lipid with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings. |
| biofilm | Community of different types of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime |
| cell | smallest unit with the properties of life- the capacity for metabolism, growth, homeostasis, and reproduction |
| cell theory | All organisms consist of one or more cells; the cell is the smallest unit of life; each new cell arises from another cell; and a cell passes hereditary material to its offspring |
| cell wall | in many cells(not animal cells), a semirigid permeable structure around the plasma membrance |
| Centriole | A barrel-shape structure that has a role in microtubule formation in cilia, flagella, and eukaryotic spindles. |
| chromatin | All of the DNA molecules and associated proteins in a nucleus |
| Chromosome | A complete molecule of DNA and its attached proteins;carries part of all of an organism's genes. Linear in eukaryotic cells; circular in prokaryotes. |
| Cillium,plural cilia | Short movable structure that projects from he plasma membrane of certain eukaryotic cells |
| cytoplasm | the semi fluid matrix between a cell's plasma membrane and its nucleus or nucleoid |
| cytoskeleton | Dynamic framework of protein filaments that structurally support organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures. prokaryotic cells have similar protein filaments |
| Endomembrance system | Series of interacting organelles between the nucleus and plasma membrane; produces lipids and proteins for secretion or insertion into cell membranes. Includes endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles. |
| Endoplasmic reiticulum(ER) | Membranous organelle, a continuous system of sacs and tubes that is an extension of the nuclear envelope. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes; smooth ER is not. |
| eukaryotic cell | type of cell that starts life with a nucleus |
| eukaryotic flagella | see flagellum |
| flaggelum, plural flagella | Long, slender cellular structure used for motility. Eukaryotice flagells whip from side-side; prokaryotic flagella rotate like a propeller |
| Golgi body | Organelle of endomembrane system; enzymes inside its much-folded membrane modify polypeptide chains and lipids; the products are sorted and packed into vesicles |
| Intermediate filament | Cytoskeleton element that mechanically strengthens cell and tissue vesicles |
| Lipid bilayer | Structural foundation of cell membranes; mainly phospholipids arranged tail-tail in two layers |
| Lysosome | Enzyme-filled vesicle; functions in intracellular digestion |
| Microfilament | cytoskeleton element that helps strengthen or change the shape of a cell. Fiber of actin subunits |
| Microtubule | Cytoskeleton element involved in the movement of a cell or its components; hollow filament of tubulin subunits |
| Mitochondrion | Double-membrance organelle of ATP formation; site of second and third stages of aerobic respiration in eukaryotes. |
| motor protein | Type of protein that, when energized by ATP hydrolysis, interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move cell parts or the whole cell eg: myosin |
| Nuclear enevelope | A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus |
| Nucleoid | of a prokaryotic cell, region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated |
| Nucleolus | In a nucleus, a dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled |
| nusleoplasm | of a nucleus, the viscious fluid enclosed by the nuclear enevelope |
| organelle | structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a call; eg: a nucleus in eukaryotes |
| peroxisome | Enzyme filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances |
| Pilus,plural pili | a protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacterial cells |
| plasma membrane | outer cell membrance; encloses the cytoplasm |
| plastid | in plants and algae, an organelle that functions in photosynthesis or storage; eg,. chloroplasts, amyloplast |
| prokaryote | single-celled organism in which the DNA is not contained in a nucleus; a bacterium or archaean |
| pseudopod | A dynamic love of membrane-enclosed cytoplasm; functions in motility and phagocytosis by amoebas, amoeboid cells, and phagocytic white blood cells |
| ribosome | Site of protein synthesis. An intact ribosome has two subunits, each composed of rRNA and proteins |
| Surface-to-volume ratio- | A relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, but the surface increases with the square |
| vacuole | a fluid-filled organelle that isolate or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials |
| vesicle | small,membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle; Different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents |
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