Data

Copy and paste the text below. It is read-only. Select All

Amino acid a small organic compound with a carboxylic acid group, an amino group, and a characteristic side group (R); monomoer of polypeptides chains. ATP Adenoside triphosphate. Nucleotide that consits of an adenine base, the five-carbon sugar ribose and three phosphate groups. The main energy carrier between reactions sites in cells Carbohydrate Organic molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio Denature To unravel the shape of a protein or other lare of biological molecule, as by high temperature or pH DNA Deoxribonecleic acid. Double-standard neucleuic acid twisted into a helix; hereditary material for all living organisms and many viruses. information in its base sequence is the basis of an organism's form and function fat Lipid with one,two, or three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol Fatty acid simple organic compound with a carboxyl group and a backbone of four 36 carbon atoms; component of many lipids. backbone of saturate types has single bonds: that of unsaturated types has one or more double bonds Functional group an atom or a group of atoms covalently bonded to carbon: imparts certain chemical properties to an organic compound Hydrolysis A type of cleavage reaction in which an enzyme breaks a bond by attaching a hydroxyl group to one atom and a hydrogen arom to the other. The hydrogen atom and the hydroxyl group are derived from a water molecule. Lipid Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound; often has one or more fatty acid components metabolism all the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells aquire and use energy as they build, remodel, and break down organic molecules. Monomer A small molecule that is a repeating subunit in a polymer; glucose-> starch Nucleic acid -single/double bond-stranded chain of nucleotides joined by a sugar-phosphate bonds eg:DNA, RNA Nucleotide Organic compound with a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and at least one phosphate group. Monomer of nucleic acids Organic Molecule that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms: many types have functional groups Phospholipid A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails: main constituent of cell membrances Polymer Large molecule of multiple linked monomers polypeptide Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Protein Organic compound that consists of one or more polypeptide chains RNA Ribonucleic acid. Type of nucleic acid typically single-stranded; important in transcription, translation, and gene control; some are catalytic. See also ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, and messenger RNA, ribzyme Steroid A type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails. triglyceride A lipid with three fattiy acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone Wax Water-repellent lipid with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings. biofilm Community of different types of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime cell smallest unit with the properties of life- the capacity for metabolism, growth, homeostasis, and reproduction cell theory All organisms consist of one or more cells; the cell is the smallest unit of life; each new cell arises from another cell; and a cell passes hereditary material to its offspring cell wall in many cells(not animal cells), a semirigid permeable structure around the plasma membrance Centriole A barrel-shape structure that has a role in microtubule formation in cilia, flagella, and eukaryotic spindles. chromatin All of the DNA molecules and associated proteins in a nucleus Chromosome A complete molecule of DNA and its attached proteins;carries part of all of an organism's genes. Linear in eukaryotic cells; circular in prokaryotes. Cillium,plural cilia Short movable structure that projects from he plasma membrane of certain eukaryotic cells cytoplasm the semi fluid matrix between a cell's plasma membrane and its nucleus or nucleoid cytoskeleton Dynamic framework of protein filaments that structurally support organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures. prokaryotic cells have similar protein filaments Endomembrance system Series of interacting organelles between the nucleus and plasma membrane; produces lipids and proteins for secretion or insertion into cell membranes. Includes endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles. Endoplasmic reiticulum(ER) Membranous organelle, a continuous system of sacs and tubes that is an extension of the nuclear envelope. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes; smooth ER is not. eukaryotic cell type of cell that starts life with a nucleus eukaryotic flagella see flagellum flaggelum, plural flagella Long, slender cellular structure used for motility. Eukaryotice flagells whip from side-side; prokaryotic flagella rotate like a propeller Golgi body Organelle of endomembrane system; enzymes inside its much-folded membrane modify polypeptide chains and lipids; the products are sorted and packed into vesicles Intermediate filament Cytoskeleton element that mechanically strengthens cell and tissue vesicles Lipid bilayer Structural foundation of cell membranes; mainly phospholipids arranged tail-tail in two layers Lysosome Enzyme-filled vesicle; functions in intracellular digestion Microfilament cytoskeleton element that helps strengthen or change the shape of a cell. Fiber of actin subunits Microtubule Cytoskeleton element involved in the movement of a cell or its components; hollow filament of tubulin subunits Mitochondrion Double-membrance organelle of ATP formation; site of second and third stages of aerobic respiration in eukaryotes. motor protein Type of protein that, when energized by ATP hydrolysis, interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move cell parts or the whole cell eg: myosin Nuclear enevelope A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus Nucleoid of a prokaryotic cell, region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated Nucleolus In a nucleus, a dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled nusleoplasm of a nucleus, the viscious fluid enclosed by the nuclear enevelope organelle structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a call; eg: a nucleus in eukaryotes peroxisome Enzyme filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances Pilus,plural pili a protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacterial cells plasma membrane outer cell membrance; encloses the cytoplasm plastid in plants and algae, an organelle that functions in photosynthesis or storage; eg,. chloroplasts, amyloplast prokaryote single-celled organism in which the DNA is not contained in a nucleus; a bacterium or archaean pseudopod A dynamic love of membrane-enclosed cytoplasm; functions in motility and phagocytosis by amoebas, amoeboid cells, and phagocytic white blood cells ribosome Site of protein synthesis. An intact ribosome has two subunits, each composed of rRNA and proteins Surface-to-volume ratio- A relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, but the surface increases with the square vacuole a fluid-filled organelle that isolate or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials vesicle small,membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle; Different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents