Marieb Human A&P: Ch 3: Cells, The Living Units (Parts B-D)
About this set
Created by:
teensleuth on September 17, 2011
Subjects:
Description:
Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Cell Growth and Reproduction, Extracellular Material; Instructor: Dr. Evan Greller
Classes:
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
81 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cytosol | Water with solutes in it (protein, salts, sugars, etc) |
| Cytoplasmic organelles | The different types make up the metabolic machinery of the cell |
| Cytoplasm | The intracellular fluid and its contents; located between plasma membrane and nucleus |
| Membranous organelles | Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus (what do these have in common?) |
| Nonmembranous organelles | Cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes |
| Mitochondria | The "generator" of the "cell as a factory" model. Produces ATP |
| Mitochondria | Contains its own DNA and RNA, in addition to that of the nucleus |
| Mitochondria | This organelle produces ATP |
| Ribosomes | These organelles are the sites of protein synthesis |
| Free-floating ribosomes | These types of ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins |
| Membrane-bound (on rough ER) ribosomes | These ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes or exported from the cell |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | This organelle extends continuous from the nuclear membrane |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Made of two varieties: rough ER and smooth ER |
| Rough ER | Manufactures all secreted proteins, as well as membrane-integral proteins and phospholipids |
| Smooth ER | Synthesizes steroid-based hormones |
| Smooth ER in intestinal cells | Absorption, synthesis, transport of fats |
| Smooth ER in skeletal and cardiac muscle | Storage and release of calcium |
| Golgi apparatus | In the "cell as a factory" model, this is the packaging department |
| Golgi apparatus | Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids |
| Lysosomes | In the "cell as a factory" model, these are waste containers |
| Lysosomes | These spherical, membranous bags contain DIGESTIVE ENZYMES which can break down nonfunctional organelles, glycogen, and bone to release Ca2+ |
| Endomembrane system | The overall function of this intercellular system is to produce, store and export biological molecules |
| Endomembrane system flow chart | Nuclear membrane > endoplasmic reticulum > Golgi apparatus > lysosomes |
| Peroxisomes | These organelles contain powerful enzymes that detoxify harmful or toxic substances |
| Cytoskeleton | This organelle is composed of an elaborate series of rods through the cytosol |
| Cytoskeleton's three component parts | Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments |
| Microfilament of the cytoskeleton | This component of the cytoskeleton is involved in cell motility, change in shape, endocytosis and exocytosis |
| Intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton | This component of the cytoskeleton can resist pulling forces on the cell and attach to desmosomes |
| Microtubules of the cytoskeleton | This component of the cytoskeleton which radiates from the centrosome determines the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles |
| Centrosome | Center area of cell, region around the nucleus, cell center |
| Centrosome | Generates microtubules and organizes the mitotic spindle |
| Mitotic spindle | Pertains to the splitting of a cell during reproduction |
| Centrosome | This area of the cell contains centrioles, small tube formed by microtubules |
| Three types of membrane junction | Tight junction, Desmosome, Gap junction |
| Tight junctions of cells | These membrane junctions prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells; found in stomach, mouth, epithelial tissue |
| Desmosomes (membrane junction) | These membrane junctions "rivet" or "spot weld" to anchor cells together; found in skin and areas of high friction |
| Gap junctions of cells | These membrane junctions are formed by transmembrane pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell; found in cardiac and smooth muscle cells |
| Cilia | This cell extension moves substances across cell surfaces |
| Flagella | This cell extension is found in only one cell type in the body, sperm cells; propel whole cells |
| Microvilli | This cell extension are finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for more absorption |
| Nucleus | In the "cell as a factory" model, this is the central management office |
| Nucleus | This organelle houses the genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins |
| DNA | Genetic blueprint material that is housed in the nucleus of all cells |
| Nuclear envelope | A double-membrane layer that houses the nucleus; its outer layer is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and bears ribosomes |
| Nucleoli | These structures within the nucleus are involved in rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly |
| Chromatin | This material is made up of 30% threadlike strands of DNA, 60% histone proteins, and 10% RNA |
| Chromatin | This material condenses into bar-like bodies called chromosomes when the cell starts to divide |
| Chromatin | Its structure can be likened to "beads on a string," with the "beads" being histones and the "string" being strands of DNA |
| Interphase | This phase of the cell cycle defines most of its life; from cell formation to cell division |
| Mitotic phase | This phase of the cell cycle is when reproduction happens |
| Four subphases of interphase | G1 (gap 1), G0 (gap 0), S (synthetic), G2 (gap 2) |
| G1 subphase | This subphase of interphase is marked by vigorous growth and metablolism |
| G0 subphase | This subphase of interphase is a gap phase where cells permanently cease dividing |
| S (synthetic) subphase | This subphase of interphase is marked by DNA replication |
| G2 subphase | This subphase of interphase is marked by preparation for cell division |
| Nucleotide | One half of a strand of DNA or RNA |
| Nucleotide | In DNA replication, each strand of this serves as a template for building a complementary new strand |
| Helicase | This enzyme begins the "unzipping" of a DNA helix for replication |
| DNA replication | End result of this process is that two DNA molecules are formed from the original |
| Mitotic phase | This phase of the cell cycle is when reproduction and division happens |
| Four subphases of nuclear division | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| Cytokinesis | The division of cytoplasm by a cleavage furrow; literally translates to "cell splitting" |
| Early prophase | In this subphase of cell division, chromosomes become visible, centrosomes separate and migrate toward opposite poles and mitotic spindles and asters form |
| Centromere | The center portion of the "X" of a chromosome |
| Mitotic spindle | The centrosomes act as focal points for growth of these microtubule assemblies; as these lengthen, they propel the centrosomes toward opposite ends of the cell |
| Late prophase | In this subphase of cell division, the nuclear envelope fragments, kinetochore microtubules attach to kinetochore of centromeres and draw them toward the equator of the cell, and polar microtubules assist in forcing the poles apart |
| Metaphase | In this subphase of cell division, the two centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell, while the chromosomes cluster at the middle with their centromeres precisely aligned with the equator of the spindle |
| Metaphase plate | The imaginary plane midway between the cellular poles during the cell division subphase of metaphase |
| Anaphase | In this, the shortest subphase of cell division, The centromeres of the chromosomes split simultaneously and the chromatids become chromosomes. The moving chromosomes look "V" shaped |
| Telophase | In this subphase of cell division, chromosomal movement stops and chromosomes uncoil; new nuclear envelopes form and mitosis ends |
| Cytokinesis | In this action which completes cell division, a ring of actin microfilaments contract to form a cleavage furrow that splits the cell's cytoplasm |
| "Go" signals of cell division | Critical volume of cell when area of membrane is inadequate for exchange; Chemicals (hormones, enzymes) can also serve this function |
| "Stop" signals of cell division | Contact inhibition (wear and tear on cells); growth-inhibiting factors produced by repressor genes |
| Gene | Segment of DNA with blueprint for one polypeptide |
| Polypeptide | A chain of amino acids (another name for a protein) |
| Triplets of nucleotide bases Ex: AGC, TAA | These each encode one specific amino acid |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | Carries instructions for building a polypeptide, from GENE IN DNA TO RIBOSOMES IN CYTOPLASM |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | Structural component of ribosomes that, along with tRNA, helps translate messages from mRNA (This is the "docking station") |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | BIND TO AMINO ACIDS and pair with bases of codons of mRNA at ribosomes to begin process of protein synthesis |
| RNA transcription | Transfers DNA gene base sequence to a complementary base sequence of an mRNA |
| RNA polymerase | Enzyme that oversees the synthesis of mRNA |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.