History Unit 1: Lecture Notes
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68 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Catholic church dominates | people believe in church since no facts proved them wrong |
| Decline of church | -schism -plague, church had no reasoning b/c priests were dying too -Renaissance, people exchanged more ideas and more people lived in urban areas, corruption seen |
| Martin Luther | 1600s, oath to praise god -formed protestantism, believed in predestination and faith is only needed to achieve salvation, first to believe in public schools and printing press -translated bibles into the vernacular |
| Economic conflicts | mainly rich vs. poor and nobles vs. commoners. new strong middle class arises during this time period |
| Technology | media becomes revolutionary (not during this time period) and technology is mainly focused on weapons |
| Church over State | -Threaten to excommunicate king and people if wrong -people must pay tax to the church |
| State over Church | -state can tax and take church land -church can lose everything |
| Tudors | 16th Century, a line of monarchs that consisted of Henry VIII, Edward, Mary (Bloody Mary) and Elizabeth. Last from 1509-1603 -Anglican Church of England formed -Rising middle class of Puritans and Calvinists -Separation from HRE |
| Stuarts | 17th Century, a line of monarchs that consisted of James I, Charles I, (Civil War), Cromwell, Charles II, James II, (Glorious Revolution), Mary and William Duke of Orange |
| Henry VIII | 1509-1547, Separated England from HRE because of divorce from wife Catherine of Aragon. -established bonds with the people, knew was important -3rd wife gave him male heir, knew was key to stopping another revolution -Kids: Mary, Elizabeth, Edward Tudor |
| Edward | 1547-1553, Moved church to become protestant Church of England made Ruled at age of six Tudor |
| Mary (Bloody Mary) | 1553-1558, tried to make england more Catholic -married Phillip II Tudor |
| Elizabeth | 1558-1603, defeated Spanish armada after Phillip II tried to marry her -Not ideological, created Anglican church of England (mixed of Puritan/Calvinism and Catholic) -made most people happy -rise of middle class (Puritans and Calvinists), strong force which ran businesses Tudor |
| James I | 1603-1625, Calvinist king who became anglican because of power and better life -Hampton Court Conference-->1604, Millenary petition when puritans asked him to convert, said no -wealthy people had control over king because they paid taxes -lavishly spent and imposed new taxes -believed in divine right and created new king james i bible Stuart |
| Charles I | 1625-1649, wife was catholic, parliament did not give Charles money because he broke rules -Petition of Rights in 1628, charles signed after 11 years in exchange for money -scots invade england -Short Parliament dismissed -Long parliament makes Demands in return for money for the king -Charles invades parliament to arrest puritan leaders, plan backfires and civil war occurs Tudor |
| Hampton Court Conference | 1604, where the Millenary Petition is put forth to the puritans to try and convert the king, Charles I says no because "No bishop, no king". Puritans->pilgrims who move to America |
| Millenary Petition | 1604, a petition put forth by the Puritans to ask Charles I to become puritan but he rejects and the puritans->pilgrims who move to America |
| Petition of Rights | 1628, a Petition offered by Parliament in exchange so Charles can get money. 4 main points 1. No forced loans, need parliament consent 2. No martial law in peacetime 3. No imprisonment w/o due process of law 4. No housing soldiers in private homes Charles finally signs after 11 year |
| Long Parliament (1640-1660) | 1640-1660, Demands from Charles 5 main things: 1. Archbishop Laud and Earl of Staffer (Chancellor) must be killed, responsible for harassing puritan 2. Abolish Court of Starchamber (private noble court) 3. Abolish bishops 4. No Taxation w/o parliamentary consent 5. King cannot dissolve parliament |
| Civil War | 1642-1646, Cavaliers (king) vs. Roundheads (Parliament) favored by scots. Cromwell (roundheads) ends up winning and has own religious army of 3,000 |
| Cromwell | Took control after Civil war, had loyal religious army of 3,000 -put king Charles on house arrest -Shut down social life -Destroyed catholic churches, (accepted jews, catholics and anglicans were not tolerated) -Navigation acts, business in england must use english soliders and ships |
| Navigation act | act issued by Victor cromwell that all business outside england must use english soldiers and ships (increase economy) |
| Restoration | 1660, Long parliament met for the last time bringing back the monarch, anglican church and the parliament |
| Charles II | 1661-1685, parliament land was permant, thin line -Clarendon codes, catholics or Anglicans cannot hold nobility -Navigation acts expanded -Treaty of Dover->committed troops against the dutch -Declaration of Indulgences->laws against catholics and puritans will not be enforced -Test Act->no catholic will hold position of power and influence -Exclusionists rise |
| Clarendon Codes | laws that said roman catholics or Anglicans cannot hold nobility |
| Treaty of Dover | 1670, Charles II and Louis XIV committed troops together to fight the dutch |
| Declaration of indulgences | 1672, King issued law that said laws against Puritans and Catholics will not be enforced |
| Test Act | Parliament issued, no catholic will hold position of power and influence |
| Exclusionists | eventually becomes first political party (whigs) opposition will be the tories |
| James II | 1685-1688, Married catholic and got male heir, violated laws of parliament, kicked out by WIlliam Duke of Orange and moves to France |
| Marry and William Duke of Orange | Accept terms of parliament and invade England, bloodless and glorious called GLORIOUS REVOLUTION. new alliance between england and the dutch |
| Glorious Revolution | 1688-1689, bloodless and glorious revolution which displayed the parliaments power over the king, drove out James II |
| Bill of Rights | 1689, forced monarchs to sign and commit to: 1. No law could be suspended w/o parliament consent 2. No taxes of military activity w/o parliament consent 3. No subject denied due process of law |
| Act of Toleration | Freedom of religion, but catholics and puritans cannot hold office |
| Triennial Act | 1694, parliament must meet once every 3 years at least |
| Act of Settlement | 1701, land of stuarrts would go to cousins in Hanover Germany, wanted someway of transferring power |
| Absolute monarchy | a system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power |
| Bureaucracy | system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials |
| French middle class | paid taxes, ran businesses and made connections with king so protection could be arranged over seas and could buy their way into nobility |
| Henry IV | 1589-1610, Came to power after 30 years war, converted to catholicism. Politics >religion. Created corvee, sully was advisor who believed in mercantilism, used tariffs to try and help france trade and make france buy products from own country |
| Sully | adviser of Henry IV, believed in Mercantilism and goal was to have more money coming into the country then out. Used tariffs to try and make people buy own countries good. |
| mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests |
| Louis XIII | 1610-1643, Mother marie was regent for first years of his life and she appointed Richelieu to be his adviser, was face of reforms and laws while Richelieu physically did the laws. Undermined power of nobility to increase monarchs power, sold right to collect taxes and sold titles of nobility. Huguenots were too hard to manipulate and catholic army was used to help protestants. Outlawed dulling |
| Richelieu | architect of French absolutism who was prominent church official, served as chief minister to King Louis XIII from 1614- 1642, worked to undermine power of nobles and enhance that of the king, built large bureaucracy. |
| Intendants | royal civil servants who implemented the king's will |
| Louis XIV | 1643-1715, built Versailles, wanted to be as absolute as possible, moved out of Paris. Bishop Bossuet, tutor of Louis and educated him in Divine right of kings. "sun-king", persecuted huguenots and dragoons made puritans convert or leave. Adviser was Colbert who also advocated Mercantilism, moved silk industry to France and Furs, had two great Military advisers Louvois and Voubon. War of Spanish Succession was Louis XIV and Spain vs. everyone else |
| Versailles | This enormous, ostentatious monument to the power of the French Monarchy, built by Louis XIV over a long period of time, served as a manifestation of the power of absolute monarchy. Meant to impress and scare nobility, foreigners, and commoners alike, this palace was where Louis XIV moved his court in order to keep them under his control and away from the uncontrollable social scene in Paris. Took 20 years to build |
| Mazarin | Richelieu's successor regarding centralization in France, ruled France during Louis XIV's childhood |
| Bishop Bossuet | Louis XIV tutor who educated him in theory- Divine right of King. Louis called himself the Sun-King since sun was the center of the universe |
| Dragoons | soldiers placed in homes of puritan nobles until family converted, left the country or were killed. Puritans moved to Carolina's in America and ended up in Brain Drain |
| Brain drain | depletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel |
| Colbert | French politician who served as an adviser to Louis XIV. Colbert reformed taxes, centralized the administration, and improved roads and canals in an effort to encourage trade. Moved silk industry to France along with Furs. Goal was to make sure Louis XIV had enough money to spend. Had two great army advisers Louvois and Voubon. |
| Louvois | Louis XIV's war minister, military technician, and creator of France's well disciplined army. Believed in professional army. Pay the soldiers and army should be decided by civilians. Run by people who work for government |
| Voubon | trench warfare (defensive), hold land |
| War of Spanish Succession | 1701-1713, , a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France. Carlos II- 1665-1700, mentally deficient, could not produce heir, left throne of Spain to Louis XIV grandson...resulted in Treaty of Utrecht |
| Treaty of Utrecht | 1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire |
| Scientific Revolution | an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method. Changed the way people at the top think, and a shift in views |
| Science | precise knowledge of the physical world based on the union of experimental observation with sophisticated mathematics |
| Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. Theories survived until revolution |
| Ptolemy | Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD). Theories survived until revolution. |
| Terrestrial | of this earth |
| Celestrial | of or relating to sky or heaven |
| Geocentrism | belief that Earth is the centre of the universe |
| Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543). Helped bring renaissance to Poland, scared of own ideas so didn't publish till his death |
| Tycho Brahe | (1546-1601) Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572. Danish nobleman who owned land and built observatory. Wanted to prove copernicus wrong but proved him right. Parter was Kepler |
| Johannes Kepler | German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630). Parter of Brahe and took over data. Contributed idea that plants move in an ellipse. Made sure things moved on regular basis |
| Galileo | 1564-1642, Italian physicist and astronomer. Had telescope and saw jupiters moons move and concluded that geocentrism is not true. Put on trial for heresy, space and earth laws are equal. uniform force acceleration. Fall at same rate but resistance slows down objects |
| Newton | d. 1727. Brought together all theories of scientists, explained reasons for laws and motions. Gravity- everything in iniverse had uniform attraction to eachother, Inertia, World is rational |
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