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active exercise joint movement activated by the person ankylosis fixation or immobilization of a joint atrophy decrease in the size of a body structure body mechanics efficient use of the body as a machine and as a means of locomotion cartilage hard nonvascular connective tissue found in the joints as well as in the nose, ear, thorax, trachea, and larynx contractures permanently contracted state of a muscle dangling position in which the person sits on the edge of thebed with legs and feet dangling over the side of the bed exercise removal of a drug from the body flaccidity decreased muscle tone; synonym for hypotonicity footdrop complication resulting from extended plantar flexion isokinetic exercise exercise involving muscle contractions with resistance varying at a constant rate isometric exercise exercise in which muscle tension occurs without a significant change in muscle length isotonic exercise movement in which muscles shorten (contract) and move ligaments tough fibrous bands that bind joints together and connect bones and cartilage negative nitrogen balance condition resulting in muscle wasting and decreased physical energy for movement and work (e.g., anorexia nervosa and certain cancers) neurons nerve cells, which conduct impulses from one part of the body to another orthopedics the correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion osteoporosis condition characterized by loss of calcium from bone tissue paralysis absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment paresis impaired muscle strength or weakness passive exercise manual or mechanical means of moving the joints patient care ergonomics practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker in relation to patient care range of motion complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable spasticity increased muscle tone tendons strong, flexible, inelastic fibrous bands that attach muscle to bone tonus normal, partially steady state of muscle contraction