Microbiology Section 2 Chapter 13 Microbe-Human Interactions
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nursejamie on September 18, 2011
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92 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 pathology | the branch of medical science that studies the causes and nature and effects of diseases |
| infection | (medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease |
| What does pathology look at? | 1. Cause of disease 2. Development of disease 3. State of disease |
| colonization | the multiplication of MO's on or within a host that does not result in cellular injury ex: normal flora in the intestines however if host susceptibility increases or MO's virulence increases, colonized MO's can become infection |
| disease | any infection of colonization that cause a change in normal state of health of an individual (37 degrees celcius is normal body temp) |
| normal flora | MO's that occur or have adapted , organisms that live inside our bodies without ordinarily causing disease. |
| areas of body that have normal flora | skin, upper respiratory tract, intestines, external eyes and mouth |
| microbial antagonism | a benefit of normal flora, Typically normal flora inhabit and colonize the body and prevent other pathogens from colonizing on the body. Microbes competing against one another for space and nutrients. |
| sterile body parts | kidney, brain, liver, blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid |
| transient flora | are microorganisms that are present on an animal for a short period of time. can be acquired from the air, water, soil, other people, or animals. ex: staphylococcus aureus and gram negative coliforms such as E. coli from handshakes or doorknob |
| opportunistic flora | normal flora that can be potential pathogen if health is compromised |
| pathogen | MOs that cause disease |
| STORCH | series of microbes that cause problems during pregnancy S=Syphilis, T=Toxoplasmosis, O=Other(Hep B, AIDS, Chlamydia), R=Rubella, C=Cytomegalovirus, H=Herpes simplex. Complications of STORCH include spontaneous abortion, congenital abnormalities, brain damage, prematurity, and stillbirths |
| local infection | infection that is confined to a particular part of the body and is indicated by a lesion containing pus ex: wart, boils, fungal skin infection |
| focal infection | when infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues |
| systemic infection | An infection throughout the body ex: bacteremia (presence of bacteria in blood) septicemia (multiplication of bacteria in blood) toxemia (toxins in blood) |
| mixed and concurrent infection | cooperate in breaking down tissues such as gangrene |
| primary infection | an acute infection that causes the initial illness |
| secondary infection | caused by opportunistic microbe after primary weakened host |
| acute infection | comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects |
| chronic infection | infection that occurs slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years |
| subclinical infection | person carries the pathogen, but does not have symptoms (polio or hepatitis A can be carried this way) -asymptomatic -carrier |
| portal of entry | Refers to the method by which the pathogen enters the body, depends on size attachment and virulence. |
| exogenous | the infection or disease originates outside the body |
| endogenous | the infection or disease originates within the body |
| Portal of Entry in Integumenatry System | throught a break in the integrity of skin and mucous membranes such as infections of surgical wounds. |
| Portal of entry in respiratory tract | inhaling contaminated droplets such as cold, flu, measles |
| Portal of Entry in Urogenital tract | through contact with infected vaginal secretions of semen as in STD |
| Portal of Entry in Gastrointestinal tract | by ingesting contaminated food or water such as typhoid or hepatitis A |
| portal of entry in circulatory system | blood stream |
| portal of entry by transpacental | penetrate the placenta and infect the fetus |
| Development of Disease | Incubation Period: no symptoms 2.Prodromal Period: mild symptoms 3. Period of Illness: disease is acute and patient may die 4. Period of decline: symptoms lessen 5. Period Convalescence: recovery (still contagious) |
| Portal of Exit | pathway by which pathogens leave body of a host; ie. urine, blood, respiratory droplets |
| Epidemiology | n. the branch of medicine that studies the causes, spread, and control of disease in populations |
| W's plus how of Epidemiology | Who, what, where, when, why and how |
| reportable disease | By law : Diseases that need to be reported to public health authorities |
| reservoirs | continual sources of microbes, non living things, animals |
| vectors | animals that carry pathogens from person to person |
| zoonoses | diseases that occur in animals and can be transmitted to humans 150 known (eg, rabies, lymes, anthrax, ringworm, tapeworm) |
| non-living reservoir | Inanimate objects that can spread disease. Fomites. Ie, c. botulinum in soil, bedding, clothing, syringes, food, water, etc. Often fecal-oral in transmission route. |
| direct contact transmission | Person-to-person transmission. No intermediate object is involved. i.e. touching, kissing, sexual intercourse |
| indirect contact transmission | Spread of pathogens from one host to another via inanimate objects called fomites |
| fomites | inanimate objects that serve as reservoirs for microbes e.g. contaminated medical equipment |
| droplet transmission | Method of spreading disease from respiratory secretion through the air. Spread is usually confined to within 3 feet of the infected patient. |
| communicable | a disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another |
| contagious | easily spread from person to person |
| non-communicable | organism that is not transmittable from one individual to another |
| mortality | Frequency of Death |
| sporadic disease | Disease that occurs occasionally and at random intervals in a population. ex: typhoid |
| endemic | diseases that are constantly present in the population ex: cold |
| epidemic | A sudden and simultaneous outbreak or increase in the number of cases of disease in a community ex : (STD, measles) |
| pandemic | An outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide. ex: AIDS, influenza |
| Case Reporting agencies | CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) WHO (World Health Organization) NYSDOH (New York State Dept. of Health) |
| descriptive Epidemiology | Detective work involving careful tabulation of data: Locations and times Patient's ages, genders, occupations, health histories, socioeconomic groupings, etc. (backtrack to find cause of disease) |
| analytical Epidemiology | analyzes the cause of the disease and the effect of the disease in a given population vs. an uninfected group |
| experimental Epidemiology | Test hypothesis such as effectiveness of a drug |
| nasocomial infection | is a acquired by an individual in a healthcare facility |
| drug resistant strains | MRSA VRE |
| MRSA | methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus |
| MRSE | Methicillin Resistant Staph Epidermis |
| VRE | vancomycin resistant enterococcus |
| E. coli | bacteria in intestines of animals and humans |
| Klebsiella | pneumonia, hospital acquired |
| Enterobacter | nosocomial or opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients and in those who are on mechanical ventilation, urinary catheters, UTIs |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Rod Folliculitis (hot tub use) Entire body Aquatic enviornments; disinfectant resistant (hospitals) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Most post-operative wound infections |
| Enterococcus | exist in the GI tract in large numbers. common nosocomial infection. |
| compromised host | Host with lowered resistance to infection and disease for any reason (for example, malnutrition, illness, trauma, or immunosuppression). |
| suppressed immune system | term used to describe an immune system unable to function normally due to the presence of a disease such as AIDS. |
| invasive procedure | a procedure that requires penetrating intact skin or mucous membranes |
| chain of transmission | • Routes of transmission are a concern - Direct transmission from staff to patient staff---->patient (hand washing) - Direct transmission from patient to patient patient--->patient (door) - Indirect transmission through fomites formites--->remote in patients room - Indirect transmission through ventilation ventalation--->staph on dust |
| disease control | handwashing, disinfection, sanitation, patient isolation |
| Infection Control Committee | Conducts epidemiologic studies for patient and employee protection. Provides education to patients and employees on safeguarding against infectious diseases. |
| Clinical Microbiology Laboatory | monitors types and numbers of pathogens, participates in infection control |
| a. commensals | The best descriptive term for the resident microbes is a. commensals c. pathogens b. parasites d. contaminants |
| d. urethra | Resident microbiota is commonly found in the a. liver c. salivary glands b. kidney d. urethra |
| b. lungs | Normal resident microbes are absent from the a. pharynx c. intestine b. lungs d. hair follicles |
| d. all of these | Virulence factors include a. toxins b.enzymes c. capsules d. all of these |
| microbiota | the term for the microbes that are normally present in and on the human body; usually beneficial |
| virulence | the degree to which a pathogen can cause disease |
| hemolysins | break red blood cells |
| c. damage red blood cells | The specific action of hemolysins is to a. damage white blood cells b. cause fever c. damage red blood cells d. cause leukocytosis |
| period of incubation | The ______ is the time that lapses between encounter with a pathogen and the first symtoms. |
| prodrome | A short period early in a disease that manifests with general malaise and achiness is the |
| c. bacteremia | The presence of a few bacteria in the blood is termed a. septicemia b. toxemia c. bacteremia d. a secondary infection |
| nosocomial | A ______ infection is acquired in a hospital. |
| mechanical vector | passive animal transporter, an organism that transmits a parasite, but is not part of the parasites' life cycle, for example- flies, roaches, and rodents |
| biological vector | disease carrying organism that spreads infectious disease |
| noncommunicable | infectious disease that does not arrive through transmission of infectious agent from host to host ex. tetanus |
| leukocytosis | abnormally large increase in the number of white blood cells |
| endemic | native or confined to a particular region or people ex. Lyme |
| b. inoculate a test animal to observe the disease | Which of the following is not a condiditon of Koch's postulates? a. isolate the causative agent of a disease b. cultivate the microbe in a lab c. incoculate a test animal to observe the disease d. test the effects of a pathogen on humans |
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