AP US Gov/Pol chapter 3 vocabulary
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20 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Federalism | way of organizing government so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people; system of shared power between units of government. |
| Unitary governments | way of organizing nation so that all power resides in the central government; system that is used, today, in most national governments. |
| Intergovernmental relations | workings of the federal system—the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments. |
| Supremacy clause | Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. |
| Tenth Amendment | constitutional amendment stating that "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people." |
| McCulloch vs. Maryland | 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments; Chief Justice Marshall and his colleagues, in deciding this case, held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the Constitution. |
| Enumerated powers | powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article I, Section 8, and include the power to coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes. |
| Implied powers | powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution; Constitution states that Congress has the power to "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution" the powers enumerated in Article I. |
| Elastic clause | final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers. |
| Gibbons vs. Ogden | landmark case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the cause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity. |
| Full faith and credit | clause in Article IV, section 1, of the Constitution, requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states. |
| Extradition | legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which is the crime is alleged to have been committed. |
| Privileges and immunities | clause in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states. |
| Dual federalism | system of government in which both states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some politics. |
| Cooperative federalism | system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government; costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly may also be shared. |
| Fiscal federalism | pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments. |
| Categorical grants | federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or "categories," of state and local spending; "come with strings attached," such as nondiscrimination provisions. |
| Project grants | federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications. |
| Formula grants | federal categorical grants distributed accordingly to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations. |
| Block grants | federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services. |
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