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Abraham Patriarch, of Sumerian City of Ur, entered into covenant with Yahweh, God swore to make Hebrews "chosen people", leadership carried on with son Isaac and grandson Jacob (Israel) Alexander the Great he inherited the throne and a well-trained army from his father and then went after Anatolia first, then Egypt, and then Persia (which was significantly weaker by this point),made it all the way to the Indus River Valley until his men threatened mutiny, forced men to marry Asian women, married women from different cultures as well because he wanted to blend cultures, died at 33 Alexander helped it become the most influential culture in all of world history (Greek influence all the way in India) The Analects Confucius left behind no works of his own, "Selected Sayings", recordings of conversations between Confucius and his students Aristotle Mathematician, philosopher, and dabbled in politics, conclusions may have been wrong but the process was revolutionary in itself, investigations of the physical world, natural laws, rational thought, deliberate observation, tutored Alexander the Great, nurtured his love for the Greek classics Ashoka Emperor in the Maurya Empire, number of military conquests, great love for Buddhism, had monks record everything about Buddhism and write them on scrolls, wanted people to love and trust him, dynasty from Chandragupta Maurya Atman A person's individual soul, goal of existence to rejoin one's atman with the Brahman, illusion causes suffering and prevents that from happening, allowing oneself to be absorbed into perfection Bantus a general label for hundreds of ethnic groups in Africa, speakers of ethnic African languages, the family is fragmented into hundreds of individual groups, none of them larger than a few million people, the largest being the Zulu with some 10 million, language Swahili with its merely 5-10 million native speakers Bhagavad-Gita Part of the Mahabharata - depicts a great war between two royal houses, Most famous section "song of the lord" , Poetic dialogue between young prince Arjuna and Krishna, lectures to Arjuna on the concept of moral duty Boddhisattva Those that have achieved enlightenment, either existence or person Caste System dates back to the Aryan invasion, highest level were priests (Brahmins), then warriors and political leaders (Kshatriyas), commoners were below (Vaishyas) or farmers and artisans, servants, serfs, and lower class workers were shudras, and then came the untouchables who worked with human waste and burial of dead jati the term used to denote clans, tribes, communities and sub-communities in India, has an association with a traditional job function or tribe, religious beliefs or linguistic groupings can also define some, typically reflects a community association Varna sanskrit word meaning "color", what they called their caste system, four major ones Consuls executive branch had two, usually military generals or leaders, highly competitive with each other for this reason, sometimes there was just one, they could be appointed for life just like Augustus Caesar, this idea fed into the idea of emperor, very similar Dharma refers to one's personal obligations, calling and duties, affected by the person's age, caste, class, occupation, and gender Diaspora the scattering of the Jews to countries outside of Palestine after the Babylonian captivity, or any group that has been dispersed outside its traditional homeland, especially involuntarily, as Africans during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Eightfold Path the eight pursuits of one seeking enlightenment, comprising right understanding, motives, speech, action, means of livelihood, effort, intellectual activity, and contemplation Ethnic Religions a religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution, based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its followers are, may include officially sanctioned and organized civil religions with an organized clergy, followers are defined by their ethnicity, conversion essentially equates to cultural assimilation to the people following Etruscans first came about 800 B.C.E. and established small city-states that ruled local people, not sure where they came from, kings managed all of the local leaders, one of its subjects was Rome (according to legend, founded by Romulus and Remus), 509 B.C.E. Rome gained its independence from them Four Noble Truths Four truths about humans - you have to understand them to reach Nirvana, set forth by Siddhartha Gautama 1. Suffering does exist 2. Suffering arises from a strong attachment to desire 3. Suffering ceases when attachment to desire ceases 4. Freedom from suffering is possible by practicing the eightfold path Great Wall built originally to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire against intrusions by various nomadic groups, several walls have been built since the 5th century BC that are referred to collectively,rebuilt and maintained from the 5th century BC through the 16th century, one of the most famous is the wall built between 220-206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, little of that wall remains; the majority of the existing wall was built during the Ming Dynasty Gupta Empire Covered much of the Indian Subcontinent The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors, this period is called the Golden Age of India, marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy, created what is generally known as Hindu culture Hebrew Bible Called the torah which means the "teaching", first five books called the Tanakh,the torah is old testament in the Christian Bible Huns Nomadic people located above China, Frequently invaded, empire faded after Attila the Hun died in 453, archery while mounted on horses Judaism Monotheistic, ethical, ceremonial, legal foundation in the Old Testament, revolved around the teachings and commentaries of the rabbis, took ideas from the Talmud, originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people and their belief in Yahweh Karma Bringing upon oneself certain results, can be either good or bad, can happen in either this life or in a reincarnation, means of reaching the Brahman, how a person's actions in this life affects their afterlife Laozi 6th century B.C.E., Chinese philosopher, founder of Daoism, "wrote" the Book of Changes Law of Twelve Tables ancient legislation that was the foundation of Roman law, formed basic constitution of the Roman Republic, developed pretty independently from Greece, helped develop: Concept of precedent - court decision that help determine how courts rule certain cases Belief that equity and fairness between citizens should be the goal Interpretation of the law, responsibility of judges to decide what the law means and how it should be administered Natural law, the belief that all humans beings have basic rights in nature which cannot be abridged Legalism People are innately immoral, always need harsh punishments as a way to control them, felt that government had to do everything and make all of these decisions, did not think normal people had the ability to control their own lives and make their own decisions, basically thought people were stupid Mahabharata Epic poem, 90,000 stanzas, longest poem in the world, depicts a great war between two royal houses, most famous section = Bhagavad-Gita Mauryan Empire geographically extensive historical power in ancient India, eastern side of the Indian subcontinent, founded by Chandragupta Maurya, taking advantage of the disruptions of local powers in the wake of the withdrawal westward by Alexander the Great's Greek and Persian armies, by 320 BC the empire had fully occupied Northwestern India, defeating and conquering the satraps left by Alexander, one of the world's largest empires in its time, the largest ever in the Indian subcontinent, but not the Golden Age of India, Ashoka Minoans the island of Crete, replaced by Mycenaeans (almost always at war, finally fell to invaders from the North), after their fall, the Aegean Sea area fell into the Dark Age until Greek cities emerged as urban centers in 800 B.C.E., isolated until that date, ended with the Phoenicians when they visited Aegean Sea, mountainous, no good, fertile land for agriculture in broad river valleys, natural harbors, navigable bays, calm waters - sea = ever-present Moksha Name for release from Samsara (the cycle of life, death, and reincarnation), the release occurs with a sufficient understanding of moral duty (dharma)