Chapter 3-The Chemistry of Organic Molecules
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69 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The chemistry of organisms | Organic Chemistry |
| Chemistry of the non-living world | Inorganic Chemistry |
| Organic Molecules contain | Hydrogen and Oxygen |
| 4 Classes of Organic compounds | 1. Lipids 2. Carbs 3. Nucleic Acids 4.Proteins |
| Which molecules are generally bigger? | Organic Molecules |
| How many electrons are in carbon's valence shell? | 4 |
| Hydrocarbons | chain of carbons linked to hydrogen atoms |
| Carbon can share electrons with up to as many as __ other atoms | 4 |
| What accounts for the shape of an organic molecule? | Carbon skeleton or backbone |
| a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton. | Functional Group |
| Organic molecule that have identical molecular formulas, but a different arrangement of atoms | isomers |
| Monomer of DNA | nucleotide |
| Monomer of Carbohydrate | polysaccharide |
| Monomer of Proteins | amino acids |
| A reaction used to synthesize molecules; results in a water molecule being formed | dehydration reaction |
| A reaction used to break down molecules; reverse of dehydration | Hydrolosis reaction |
| Molecules that speed up reactions by bringing reactants together | Enzymes |
| Largest of biomolecules; result from linking large numbers of the same type of subunit | polymers |
| Subunits that form polymers | monomers |
| Universally used as an immediate source of energy for organisms, but also play important structural roles as well. | Carbohydrates |
| Molecules containing only one sugar molecule | Monosaccharide |
| Every sugar is bonded to a | Hydrogen and OH |
| Molecule that is a major complex carb in plant's cell walls | Glucose |
| Glucose with six carbon atoms | Hexose |
| Ribose | Pentose sugar found in RNA |
| Deoxyribose | Pentose sugar found in DNA |
| Two monosaccharides | Disaccharides |
| Table sugar we use at home | Sucrose |
| Polymers of monosaccharides | Polysaccharides |
| Plants store glucose as _____ | starch |
| Two forms of starch found in plants: | 1.Amylose 2.Amylopectin |
| Animals store glucose as ______ | glycogen |
| Where is glycogen stored? | the liver |
| What is the structural polysaccharide for animals such as crabs? | chitin |
| What is the structural polysaccharide for plants? | cellulose |
| What is the structural polysaccharide for bacteria? | peptidoglycan |
| Type of organic molecules that include fats and oils | Lipids |
| Organic molecule that contains glycerol or fatty acids and provides energy and insulation. | Fats |
| Consist of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at the end | Fatty acids |
| Which type of fatty acids have no double bond between the carbon atoms? | Saturated fatty acids |
| Which type of fatty acids do have double bonds between carbon atoms | Unsaturated fatty acids |
| compound with three OH groups | Glycerol |
| glycerol molecules that have three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule | triglyceride |
| Constructed like a fat, except that in place of the third fatty acid attached to glycerol, there is a polar phosphate group. | phospholipid |
| Phospholipids have... | hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails |
| Phospholipids form a ______ where the hydrophilic heads project outwards, and hydrophobic tails project inwards | bilayer |
| lipids that have entirely different structures from those of fats | steroids |
| Cholesterol is a type of | steroid |
| long-chain fatty acids bond with long-chain alcohols. | waxes |
| Waxes are what at room temperature? | solid |
| What are the six major functions of proteins? | 1. Metabolism 2.Support 3. Transport 4.Defense 5. Regulation 6. Motion |
| polymers with amino acid monomers | proteins |
| type of covalent bond that attaches two amino acids | peptide bond |
| two or more amino acids bonded together | peptide |
| a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds. | polypeptide |
| Organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules | amino acid |
| What structure accounts for its particular structure of amino acids | primary structure |
| occurs when the polypeptide coils or folds in a particular way | Secondary Structure |
| fibrous protein | structural proteins that exist as helices or pleated sheets that hydrogen bond to each other |
| tertiary structure | he folding that results in the final 3d shape of a polypeptide |
| denaturation | When a protein loses its natural shape |
| chaperone proteins | help new proteins fold into their normal shape |
| nucleotides | -polymers of nucleotides with very specific functions in cells. |
| the genetic material that stores information regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are to be joined to make a protein | DNA |
| Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nulceotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in three forms: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA | RNA |
| nonprotein organic molecules that facilitate enzymatic reactions | coenzymes |
| is a nucleotide that supplies energy for synthetic reactions and fro various other energy requiring processes in cells | ATP |
| T is always paired with A, and G is always paired with C. | complementary base pairing |
| ATP is composed of... | adenine and ribose |
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