APUSH chap 4,5,6
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99 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 population growth and diversity | largest group to colonies were African Americans, Scots-Irish, religious persecution, some ethnic identities preserved, gov encourages ethnic distrust |
| economic growth and development | population increase stabilizes economy, greater demand for goods, colonial manufacturing and coastal trade begins. Better standards of living, consumption |
| urban poverty | mostly in cities, New England has lowest average income |
| King George's War | Also known as the War of Austrian Succession. It started out as a conflict between Britain and Spain, but then escalated when France sided with Spain. |
| New England and king george's war | short term benefits for sailors, shipbuilders, but then higher taxes to pay fpr Louisbourg expedition, loss of manpower |
| tenant farmers | many in middle colonies, rented acres and shared crops w/ landlords. |
| change in the chesapeake | grain prices rise, diversification in the chesapeake |
| trade in the lower south | rice prices climb.then due to war there is a depression, followed by huge growth in the 1760s |
| Georgia | 1732- created as a haven for english debtors by James Oglethorpe, originally banned slavery, but became a rice planting slave society like Carolinas |
| genteel class | wealthy, parties, lived in style, gambling, education, |
| enlightenment | mid 17th century, movement starting in Europe, European thinkers start to analyze nature, focus on logic and science. supplied Europeans and Americans with a common view |
| contract theory of government | by John Locke during the Enlightenment. Governments derived "their just Powers from the consent of the people," who were entitled to "alter or abolish" those that denied their "unalienable rights" to "life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness." (power from the people). used for the Declaration of Independence & the Constitution |
| John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. |
| oral cultures | most colonists illiterate, oral communication was vital |
| religious rituals | diverging cultural traditions for different religions, attendance at church and seating changed between religion, region |
| civic rituals | official days of thanksgiving, militia musters in New England, attendance at court in Chesapeake, punishment of criminals- humiliation emphasized |
| rituals of consumption | wide range of consumer goods available, specialized shops, shopping, display of purchases, tea |
| consumption of tea | bought items for tea, following genteel families, marker of status |
| rituals in middle ground | Europeans sought trade with Natives, Natives beleived in gift giving system of trade, intercultural rituals to deal with murder |
| Native Families | reshaped by European pressure, polygynous societies changed, only one wife now legitimate, extended relations more important, unusual family forms, economic strategies and inability to pursue subsistence, some on fringes of society in Hispanola, sometimes servants. |
| Mixed Race families | often lived in Native villages, part if trade network, children often became prominent leaders, mixed children in Spain were degraded, not allowed to legally marry |
| European American families | family meant people living in house, less emphasis on extended family, family worked together to produce goods, different tasks for women and men, |
| African families | components of European families on plantations, family units hard, emphasis on extended family to protect each other, couples often separated, children lived with mother. Often could work after they finished their tasks, get some money for themselves. |
| slave resistance | run aways usually went to Florida, Resisted attempts to make them work on Sundays, managed to have some autonomy, especially religious. |
| Assemblies | increased power to elected assemblies, claimed more privileges, right to initiate taxes, militia. Developed ways to influence appointed officials such as controlling their salaries. controlled by dominant families |
| John Peter Zenger Trial | newspaper editor imprisoned for libel, lawyer proved that telling the truth was not libel, won the trial, set precedent of freedom of the press |
| Stono Rebellion | The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go. |
| New York Conspiracy | laws about slaves made more strict due to stono rebellion, whites suspected a gang of thieves of tryting to create a slave revolt, 31 blacks, 4 whites executed |
| Land Riots | most land east of Appalachians purchased,, farmers vs proprietors, speculators |
| Hudson river land riots | land granted to prominent families, who divided it and rented. Increased migration from new Englanders who didn't want to be tenants, squatted on land and resisted court ruling and authorities |
| regulators in the carolinas | farmers vs planters who controlled government, frontier dwellers (scots-Irish) protested lack of say in gov, taxes, fought the militia |
| The Great Awakening | religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people |
| Jonathan Edwards | A Congregationalist preacher of the Great Awakening who spoke of the fiery depths of hell., Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God |
| George Whitefield | One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees. |
| Virginia Baptists | beliefs clashed with gentry in Virginia, no matter social status, elected conregation leaders, free and slaves could listen, forbade harsh treatment of slaves and slaves who stole |
| Iroquois neutrality | policy of neutrality, manipulated favors from both sides during the French and Indian war. |
| French and Indian War | Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. |
| Albany Congress | A conference in the United States Colonial history form June 19 through July 11, 1754 in Albany New York. It advocated a plan of union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French Held by the British Board of Trade to try to get the loyalty of the Iroquois League. |
| Wiliam Pitt | turned 7 years war around, agreed to reimburse colonies for wartime expenses and put recruitment of militia into colonial hands, Gained American supprort |
| Treaty of paris 1763 | Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain, which ended the Seven Years War (and the French and Indian War). France lost Canada, the land east of the Mississippi, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain. France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the Mississippi to Spain, to compensate it for ceeding Florida to the British. |
| Pontiac's uprising | 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. colonial militia and redcoats defeats combo force |
| Neolin | deleware prophet, shaman, urged all Indians to oppose British incursion and influence, natives were destroying themselves by becoming dependent, advocated peaceful and violent resistance |
| Proclamation of 1763 | forbade Americans from settling or buying land west of the Appalachians. issued by King goege III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory |
| George III | English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances. |
| George Grenville | appointed prime minister, thought that America needed to be tightly controlled and taxed |
| real whigs | group of Bristish writers, stressed the dangers of powerful governments like monarchies, only vigilance woulf preserve land and freedom |
| Sugar and Currency Acts | Sugar - Established a number of new duties and contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers. It was explicity designed to generate revenue for the British government. (1764) Currency - Forbade Americans from producing their own paper currency. (1764) American economy was already in depression |
| Stamp Act | an act proposed by Grenville and passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents. Was resisted by colonists |
| James Otis | how could colonists justify opposition to Parliament's laws without questioning Parliament;s authority? proposed colonial reps in Prliament, but colonists should obey |
| Virginia Stamp Act resolves | In Virginia, drafted by Patrick Henry protesting the tax and asserting the colonists' right to a large measure of self-government. (The Virginian legislature removed henry's most radical propositions before passing the resolves). said that colonists had never given up english rights, virginians need not obey laws passed by other legislatures |
| Loyal 9 | brought together rival labor groups to demonstrate against the Stamp Acts and burn an effigy of Oliver, stamp distributer |
| Sons of Liberty | A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. |
| repeal of the stamp act | the machinery for collecting the tax broke down; in 1765 when the new act was to go into effect, the stamp agents had all ben forced to resign, and there was no one to sell the stamps; Parliament in 1766 grudgingly repealed the Stamp Act; having withdrawn the Stamp Act, Parliament in virtually the same breath provocatively passed this act, reaffirming Parliament's right "to bind" the colonies "in al cases whatsoever"; it defined the constitutional principle it would not yield: absolute and unqualified sovereignty over its North American colonies |
| Townshend Acts | Another series of revenue measures, passed by Townshend as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1767, they taxed quasi-luxury items imported into the colonies, including paper, lead, tea, and paint. The colonial reaction was outrage and they instutited another movement to stop importing British goods. Would pay appointed position's salaries throught this revenue |
| John Dickinson | Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. |
| Massachusetts assembly dissolved | due to circulating letter calling for a joint petition against the Townshend Acts. When the assembly refused to recall the letter, it was dissolved |
| daughters of liberty | This orginization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent. |
| repeal of townshend duties | Lord North was prime minister, favored repealing most of the Townshend duties except for the tax on tea. Colonial leaders didn't know if they should keep with the nonimportation to get the duties completely repealed, or stop. Ended up collapsing, |
| Boston Massacre | More British troops sent to colonies to restore order. Competition between soldiers and laborers. A riot in Boston (March 5, 1770) arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several persons. |
| Samuel Adams | played a key role in the defense of colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party.. |
| Committee of Correspondence | Proposed by Adams in 1772; meant to publicize grievances against England throughout Massachusetts; led other colonies to create their own similar groups. |
| Tea Act | Act eliminated import duties entering England, lowering the selling price to consumers, also allowing selling directly to consumers, hurting middlemen. It angered the colonies since it gave a monopoly to the British East India Tea Company, thus forcing local tea sellers out of business. |
| Boston Tea Party | organized to protest the 1773 Tea Act. In December 1773, Samuel Adams warned Boston residents of the consequences of the Tea Act. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. Led to intolerable acts and closing of Boston port |
| Intolerable acts | in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses |
| Continental Congress | Adams drafted the declaration of rights and grievances as a compromise, Continental Association, committees of observation, A body of representatives from the British North American colonies who met to respond to England's Intolerable Acts. |
| Continental Association | Created by the First Continental Congress, it enforced the non-importation of British goods by empowering local Committees of Vigilence in each colony to fine or arrest violators. It was meant to pressure Britain to repeal the Coercive Acts. |
| Declaration of rights and grievances | Adopted by the First Continental Congress, it promised obedience to the king, but denied parliament's right to tax the colonies. |
| provincial conventions | popularly elected took over for collapsing colonial governments, approved Continental Association, take over at local level |
| loyalists | remained loyal to Britain, feared the power of assemblies, congregated in Bristish-held cities, 1/5 of population |
| patriots | American colonists who opposed British rule and were active in revolution, 2/5 of population, some divergent goals, social vs economic vs political reforms |
| neutrals | 2/5 of population, some pacifists, others wanted to be left alone, resisted large demands of loyalists and patriots, neutrality was a crime to patriots |
| slaves | most sided with British, wanted freedom in return for service, some slave revolts in colonies, 1775 proprosal by Dunmore offering freedom to black fighters, African Americans originally not admitted to continental army |
| Indians | 2 superintendants of indian affairs, indians more inclined to side w/ British, both sides sought promises of neutrality from indians. Most remained neutral |
| Lord Dumore's War | 1774- band os Shawnees attacking Kentucky and fighting Virginia militia. Kentucky was eventually opened for settlers, with hunting and fishing rights for Shawnees |
| Shawnees and Cherokees | bands attacked American frontier during revolution, but fought among themselves |
| Battle of Lexington | A conflict marking the beginning of the Revolutionary War in 1775. An American force of about seventy minutemen assembled on Lexington green after receiving word from dispatch riders, including Paul Revere, that a British force was advancing to Concord to confiscate provincial military supplies. British soldiers fired on Parker's force after hearing a gunshot, although which side the shot came from is uncertain, and it may have been accidental. |
| Battle of Concord | After the Battle of Lexington, the British force came to Concord only ot find the military supplies. A firefight ensued at the North Bridge over the Concord River (Battle of Concord), and the Americans demonstrated that they were capable of using armed force to resist the British regulars. This led to the siege of Boston as the British fled. |
| Battle of Bunker Hill | It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths. |
| Ft Ticonderoga | British fort captured by Americans near the start of the war, patriots get a cannon, later it was lost to Burgoyne |
| British strategy | 3 assumptions. 1.) Americans would break easily when confronted w/ British regulars 2.) conventional strategy of capturing major cities would succeed. 3.) winning war would mean return of allegiance |
| second continental congress | had to assume role of intercolonial government., established committee of foreign relations, Continental Army created, |
| George Washington | named commander in chief of army, wealthy virginian, devoted to representative government |
| British evacuation of Boston 1775 | Washington takes control of army outside Boston, Howe evacuates and transfers troops and loyalists to NY |
| Thomas Paine | Patriot and writer whose pamphlet Common Sense, published in 1776, convinced many Americans that it was time to declare independence from Britain. |
| Thomas Jefferson | chosen to write declaration of independence |
| the declaration of independence | an act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were "Free and Independent States" and that "all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved." |
| loss of new york | Washington is driven out of ny across Nj |
| Battles in NJ | Brits raape and plunder countryside, hurt patriots and loyalists. Washington attacks Hessian camp @ Trenton on dec 26, then princeton |
| The Continental Army | few regular, long term enlisters, had to rely upon irregular militia, turn to Africans to fill ranks, women camp followerd |
| Burgoyne | general under Howe, plans to take glory. In 1777 campaign, plans to cut off New England sailing down Hudson, takes back Ticonderoga, surrenders at Saratoga |
| Howe | 1777 plans to take Philadelphia, slowly does |
| split of the iroquois confederation | 1776 pledge to stay neutral, but mohawk Joseph Brant convinces 3 tribes to join British, 2 go to patriots, and one splits three ways |
| Battle of Saratoga | In 1777 Burgoyne's loss in Vermont depleted his army and gave General Horation time to collect American troops for an attack. Gates fought two battles near Saratoga. Surrounded, Burgoyne's troops laid down their arms in 1777. This battle rivaled its military significance and made it the war's turning point. France then alllied with the patriots |
| Franco-American Alliance | Treaties of Amity, Commerce, and Alliance- trade recognition of independence, neither country negotiate w/out the other knowing |
| struggles in the south | Lord Germain turns British forces south, expedition into Georgia, then Savannah, Augusta and Charleston fall, southern army surrenders, Brits spread though SC, Lord Cronwallis defeats southern army and Gates @Camden |
| Greene | appointed commander of south after Camden, conciliatory policies toward neutrals, loyalists, and natives, reestablished civilian authority, cnfronts cornwallis in Nc, drives Brits out of Charleston |
| Yorktown | Cornwallis meets Benedict Arnold, fortifies Yorktown, Washington moves to meet him, French fleet defeats British supply troops, Cronwallis surrenders. |
| Newburgh Conspiracy | The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in Newburgh, New York to address Congress about their pay. Unfortunately, the American government had little money after the Revolutionary War. They also considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George Washington refused to support the plan. |
| Treaty of Paris 1783 | Signed on September 1783. In this treaty, Britain recognized the United States of America as a new nation with the Mississippi River as its western border. The British kept Canada, FL back to Spain, Newfoundland fishing rights |
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