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escarpment steep cliff or slope cataract a large waterfall hydroelectric power electricity generated by flowing water tropics regions close to the equator leaching removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards through soil. drought a long period without rain desertification the spread of desert like conditions pharaoh ruler of Ancient Egypt hieroglyphics Egyptian writing form mosque (Islam) a Muslim place of worship city-state a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit lineage the descendants of one individual consensus general agreement; opinion reached by a group subsistence farmer a farmer who only grows enough food for themselves (and their family) and for local use polygamy marriage to several people at the same time age grade all girls or boys born in the same year pass through different stages in life together , they are taught the traditions and values of the tribes and they form a lifelong bond abolition an end to slavery diaspora the scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs boycott refusal to buy or sell certain products or services guerilla warfare sudden unexpected attacks carried out by an unofficial military group or groups that are trying to change the government by assaults on the armed forces secede to leave or withdraw democratization the process of creating a government elected by the people socialism a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production multinational corporation a large business that operates in many countries ethnicity a classification of people based on national origin and/or culture. economic sanctions refusal to trade with an offending nation apartheid complete separation of the races