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The motor (efferent) portion of the nervous system can be separated into ___ and ___. somatic, autonomic The autonomic nervous system can be divided into ___ and ___. parasympathetic, sympathetic Sympathetic is also known as ___. thoracolumbar In the sympathetic division, preganglionic gangli originate in ___. CNS nuclei The majority of sympathetic preganglionic fibers terminate in ganglia in the ___. paravertebral chains Postganglionic fibers terminate in ___. innervated tissues Parasympathetic is also known as ___. craniosacral In the parasympathetic division, preganglionic gangli originate in ___ and cranial nerves ___. CNS nuclei and cranial nerves 3, 5, 9, 10 Postganglionic fibers terminate in ___. walls or near the innervated organs The NT for cholinergic fibers is ___. ACh The NT for adrenergic fibers is ___. NE Cholinergic fibers are mainly ___ (parasympathetic, sympathetic). parasympathetic Are some cholinergic fibers somatic? Yes Most postganglionic fibers release ___. NE Postganglionic fibers can release ___, ___, ___, or ___. ACh, NE, E, dopamine The ___ releases a mixture of NE and E. adrenal medulla ACh is synthesized from ___ and ___. acetyl-CoA, choline Acetyl-CoA and choline are brought together by ___. choline acetyltransferase Acetyl-CoA is synthesized in the ___. mitochondria Choline is transported from ECF by a ___ dependent choline transporter. sodium This symporter can be inhibited by ___. hemicholiniums Synthesized Ach is transported from the cytoplasm to storage vesicles by a vesicle-associated transporter which is driven by ___ efflux. proton The proton antiporter is inhibited by ___. vesamicol When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, an influx of ___ is triggered and vesicle membranes fuse with the terminal membrane. Ca2+ Vesicle release can be blocked by ___ toxin. botulinum ACh is degraded by acetylcholine esterase into ___ and ___. choline, acetate ___-regulation is known as desensitization. Down ___-regulation is increase in receptor sensitivity in response to denervation. Up The precursor for the synthesis of all catecholamines is ___. tyrosine Tyrosine is transported into the noradrenergic nerve ending by a ___-dependent carrier. sodium Tyrosine is converted to ___ by tyrosine hydroxylase. DOPA What is the rate-limiting step? The conversion of tyrosine to DOPA Tyrosine hydroxylase is inhibited by ___. metyrosine DOPA is converted to dopamine by ___. DOPA-decarboxylase Dopamine is transported to vesicles by vesicular monoamine transporter, which is inhibited by ___. reserpine Dopamine can be further converted to ___ and ___. NE, E Release of Ca2+ can be blocked by ___ and ___. bretylium, guanetidine The NET carries NE and similar molecules back into the cytoplasm from the ___. synaptic cleft NET is inhibited by ___ and ___. cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants Indirectly-acting sympathomimetics include ___, ___, and ___. ephedrine, tyraomine, amphetamine Indirectly-acting sympathomimetics release NE by a ___-independent process. Ca2+ Termination of noradernergic transmission is mainly a result of ___. reuptake into nerve terminal by NET Simple diffusion away from the receptor site, followed by metabolism in the ___ and ___. plasma, liver Major enzymes involved in catecholamine catabolism include ___ and ___. COMT, MAO Central integration occurs in the ___ and ___ as well as the endocrine system. midbrain, medulla Autonomic reflexes include reflex bradycardia in response to increase in ___ elicited by slow NE infusion. mean arterial pressure Presynaptic regulation occurs, such as alpha-2 receptors on noradrenergic nerve terminals and diminishing further ___ release. NE ___ is also known as desensitization. Down-regulation ___ is increase in receptor sensitivity in response to denervation. Up-regulation