Child Development Ch 1 and 2
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Created by:
beachbum93 on September 19, 2011
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TERMS FROM POWERPOINTS IN CLASS
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71 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Child Development | area of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence |
| Physical Development | changes in body sizes, proportions, appearance, functioning of body systems, perceptual and motor capacities and physical health |
| Cognitive Development | changes in intellectual abilities, including attention, memory, academic, and everyday knowledge, problem solving, imagination, creativity and language |
| Emotional and Social Development | changes in emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge about other people, interpersonal skills, friendships, intimate relationships, intimate relationships, and moral reasoning and behavior |
| Prenatal Period | Conception to birth |
| Infancy | Increasing physical behaviors, Reflex behaviors evolves into conscious behaviors to meet needs. (food, comfort, etc.), Increased physical strength, Beginning receptive language Ends when the child walks |
| Toddlerhood | onset of language, deliberate behaviors, ends with conventional generative language |
| Neonatal Period | Birth to three months, reflexive behavior is dominant |
| Early Childhood | Age 3 to 6 years, Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development (Piaget), Make-Believe Play, Dreams, Imagination, Egocentric thought (Piaget), Emerging sense of morality and understanding the their world |
| Middle Childhood | Age 6 to 11 years, Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development (Piaget), Games with Rules (Team-oriented, growing social interest and skills), Accomplishes Abstract Tasks with a physical referent, Content area learning in school |
| Theory | orderly integrated set of statements that describes, explains and predicts behavior. |
| Continuous | A process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with, gradual and ongoing |
| Discontinuous | A process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at different times, a series of developmental steps with unique characteristics, change is sudden |
| Context | unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change, many-layered and complex, include heredity and biological makeup |
| Erik Erikson | PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGE THEORY Basic Trust v. Mistrust (Birth - 1 year) Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt (1-3 years) Initiative v. Guilt (3-7 years) |
| Jean Piaget | The person who created the Theory of Cognitive Development |
| Sensorimotor Stage | Birth to 2 years- Driven by physical experiences, understanding the body and the world around |
| Preoperational Stage | 2 to 7 years- Imagination and abstract symbols to integrate the world around, gives things labels, beginning of language |
| Concrete Operational Stage | 7 to 11 years- Driven by the onset of logical reasoning and letting go of physical or sensory information as the definitive source of information |
| Formal Operational Stage | 11 years to Adult- Abstract thinking, logical systematic reasoning, hypothesis testing |
| Information Processing Theory | Human brains are thought to be symbol manipulating systems, Mental operations for organizing, storing and retrieving information, research focuses on problem solving activities with physical models (observable behavior) and social problem solving, social access and other, general social behaviors, Active problem solving model that often depicts human problem solving with flow charts, system of taking in, storing and retrieving info |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | combines disciplines like psychology, medicine, biology, chemistry and neuroscience to explain the way humans think, solve problems and adapt to new learning situations. ** ALL ABOUT THE BRAIN |
| Ethology | Theory that focuses on the adaptive or survival value of behavior and on similarities between human behavior and other species, especially non-human primates. |
| Sensitive Period | An optimal time for certain capacities, skills and behavior to emerge during the lifespan. Humans are highly responsive to environmental influences at specific times in life. Also known as critical period. |
| Sociocultural Theory | Verbal mediation and social learning, mediated by adult's language and dialogue, reciprocal teaching, ALL about Social language and learning, get the child to act How culture - values, beliefs, customs, skills that are ingrained in a social group or society and how these are transmitted to the next generation, adults and caregivers transmit skills, beliefs, attitudes on their children to perpetuate their lifestyle, culture and social group. |
| Lev Vygotsky | Famous for Sociocultural theory based on language as the basis of learning |
| Urie Bronfenbrenner | Famous for Ecological Systems Theory based on the layers of a child's surroundings |
| Microsystem | Activities and influences in each child's immediate environment - home, child care, neighborhood |
| Mesosystem | Connections between factors in each child's immediate environment |
| Exosystem | Social setting and factors that may or may not contain children yet influences their development and quality of life. |
| Macrosystem | Cultural values, laws, customs, and resources. "How the village operates and takes care of each other, impacts on the lives of children. A country that values education for the sake of learning will have a good educational system." |
| Longitudinal Studies | Same subjects studied repeatedly at different ages; a number of years or decades |
| Cross-Sectional Studies | Participants of differing ages or circumstances are all studied at the same time. |
| Sequential Studies | Several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies are conducted at varying times |
| Microgenetic Studies | Participants are presented with a novel task, and their mastery is followed over a series of sessions. |
| Naturalistic Observation | in field observation, observe specific behavior of interest, let the child choose the setting |
| Structured Observation | Laboratory situation evoking behavior of interest, greater control, ex. checklist |
| Self Reports | Provide information on perceptions, thoughts, abilities, feelings, attitudes and beliefs and past experiences, ranges from highly-structured to informal |
| Clinical Interviews | Flexible, conversational style, probing for point of view, learn more in less time, though some answers may not be answered truthfully, pulls from multiple sources |
| Structured Interviews | same questions for each person, may provide answers in multiple choice form that may not have come up in clinical interviews-- includes tests and questionnaires |
| Clinical or Case Study Method | Brings together a wide range of info on one child, including interviews, observations, and test scores, gives complete picture but it is possible for bias |
| Correlational Studies | When researchers gather info on individuals in natural life situations and make no effort to alter experiences, set back-- can't infer cause and effect- use correlation coefficient- a number which describes how 2 measures or variables, are associated with one another |
| Experimental Studies | Permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers use even-handed procedures to assign people to two or more treatment conditions, directly controls or manipulates changes in independent variable by exposing participants to the treatment conditions and compares performances on the dependent variable |
| Chromosomes | Store and transmit genetic information |
| Genes | segments of DNA located along the chromosomes |
| DNA | Substance of which genes and chromosomes are made |
| Meiosis | The fertilization of sex cells |
| Somatic Cells | body cells |
| Gametes | sex cells |
| Zygote | One egg and one sperm unite to cause fertilization and create a single cell with 23 chromosome pairs |
| Allele | form of a gene, contain genetic inheritance and determine characteristics |
| Incomplete dominance | A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or a trait that is between two alleles |
| Genomic Imprinting | Alleles are imprinted with a chemical marker that one pair is activated in the offspring |
| Range of Reaction | A framework of understanding the relationship between genetics and the environment. Genetics establishes parameters, within which children grow and develop in varying environments |
| Passive Relations | Genetic- Environmental Correlation where child has no control over it. Parents provide environments influenced by own heredity |
| Evocative Relations | The responses children evoke from others are influenced by child's heredity and these responses strengthen the child's original style; active baby will attract more attention than a passive baby |
| Active Relations | When children seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies; children who are well-coordinated and muscular will actively participate in after-school sports |
| Imprinting | Chemical marker that activates either father's or mother's gene, often temporary |
| Mutation | Sudden, permanent change in DNA segment |
| Germline Mutation | takes place in the cells that give rise to gametes; because of this defective DNA is passed on to next generation |
| Somatic Mutation | Normal body cells mutate, DNA defect can eventually become widespread enough to cause disease or disability |
| Amniocentesis | Process in which a sample of amniotic fluid is taken and tested to look for problems before the baby is born |
| Chorionic Villus Sampling | Process in which a sample of the waxy coating is taken from the baby's skin while still in the womb |
| Fetoscopy | Pictures taken from inside the uterus |
| Ultrasound | Picture taken from outside of the womb |
| Maternal Blood Analysis | Blood test of the mothers blood to check for any problems |
| Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis | Testing done outside of the uterus after fertilization takes place outside the womb |
| Heritability Genetics | Investigates the contribution of nature and nurture to the diversity in human traits and abilities |
| Heritability Estimate | Measures the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors |
| Kinship Studies | Investigates the characteristics among family members to determine the importance of heredity in complex human characteristics |
| Canalization | How genes create the path that you must follow genetically |
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