Chapter 14 Cooper
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Created by:
reevesduggan on September 19, 2011
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Test #1
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AP European History, 11th Grade ISS (Class of 2014)
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58 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 feudalism | a political system in the middle ages based on personal relationships between the nobles in which nobles are given land in exchange for military service to the lord |
| manorialism | an economic system in the middle ages in which manors produce and live off their own goods |
| The Great Schism | two men both claim the title of pope. it caused a decline in the respect and honor of the title of the pope |
| Pope Gregory VII | the first pope to come from the Cluny monastery. Excommunicated Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire twice in Great Schism conflict |
| Pluralism | high ranking clerics held multiple offices; out of this often came absenteeism |
| Absenteeism | the inability to be present at the clerical offices one held- usually because of pluralism |
| King Christian III | King of Denmark-Norway, the first area outside the empire to officially accept the Reformation |
| Martin Luther | 1st reformer to confront the Catholic Church in a meaningful way. he believed that faith was the ultimate requirement to be saved by God. faith should come directly from what is said in scripture. he wrote the "Ninety Five Theses on The Power of Indulgences" |
| Diet of Worms | meeting held by Charles V asking Luther to recant. Luther declines and said if it doesn't have to do with the scripture then he didn't want to take part in it |
| Jan Hus | Bohemian reformer similar to Martin Luther that was asked to Council of Constance that ended the great schism. there he was burned at the stake for heresy |
| Pope Leo X | pope at the time of Martin Luther. Gave a papal dispensation to Archbishop Albert of Mainz allowing him to hold multiple positions in exchange for the selling of indulgences |
| John Tetzel | hired by Archbishop Albert to sell indulgences for him: his marketing director. he came up with jingles and other things and was very successful. |
| John Staupitz | Luther's teacher. when luther is depressed, this person tells him to read the letters from Paul. there Luther discovers that salvation comes from faith |
| Charles V | Habsburg holy roman emperor who wants to unify all of western europe under his rule. to do so he wants everyone to be Catholic so it will be easier to control. incredibly rich |
| Ulrich Zwingli | humanist scholar and reformer whose belief was based off the scripture. believes that faith is how you get to heaven- bros with Luther. their ideas differ about communion |
| Maximilian | son of Fredrick III, married Mary of Burgundy in 1477, the heiress who inherited the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and the country of Burgundy |
| Golden Bull | a decree issued by Charles IV establishing the process in which the emperor was chosen. Seven electors would vote on the new emperor |
| German Peasant's War of 1525 | a peasant rebellion in 1525. crop failure and the belief that nobles were taking their common land sparked an uprising. Luther first sympathized for the peasants but then switched over to the nobles hoping to prevent violence being justified by Lutheranism. Protestantism took a large hit after this |
| Augsburg Confession | an Imperial Diet called by Charles V in hope to halt the spread of religious division, where the Protestant princes presented a Lutheran statement of faith to the Emperor |
| Peace of Augsburg | the treaty made after years of religious warfare. accepted Lutheranism as a religion and allowed each prince to choose religion for his state |
| Transubstantiation | the belief that during communion, the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ (Catholic idea) |
| War of the Roses | war between two families (Lancasters and Yorks) for the throne of england; concludes with the Battle of Bosworth Fields (even though people didn't know it was over) |
| Edward III | King whose sons start the War of The Roses for the throne |
| Henry IV | Formerly Henry Navarre, survives St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and wins "The War of the Three Henry's" between catholic leader Henry Guise and King Henry III |
| Henry VI | Of the Lancaster family killed by York Edward IV and loses throne |
| Henry VII (tudor) | Takes throne from Yorks (Richard III) in Battle of Bosworth Fields. Has a weak claim to the throne. Creates the Court of Star Chamber and takes power away from the nobles by taking away their armies. does not want to participate in wars. marries Richard III's sister, Elizabeth |
| Richard III | Former regent becomes King after his brother Edward IV's young sons are murdered. Shakespeare play. Killed by Henry Tudor in battle of Bosworth Fields |
| Henry VIII | English King, Splits from the Catholic church. Important Wives -Catherine of Aragon- (daughter Mary) -Anne Boleyn- (daughter Elizabeth) -Jane Seymour- (son Edward VI) |
| Thomas Cromwell | advisor for Henry VIII who advises Henry to become head of the Church so he could more easily maneuver in dealings with the church, as well as make a ton of money. basically he masterminds the split between England and the Catholic Church. |
| The Supremacy Act | declared the king the supreme head of the Church of England |
| Book of Common Prayer | prepared by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, it included the order for all services of the Church of England. |
| Mary Tudor | daughter of Henry VIII. catholic, she restored Roman Catholicism; Her marriage to her cousin Philip of Spain (Philip II) (son of Emperor Charles V) was very unpopular in England and when she executed several hundred protestants, her unpopularity only increased. "bloody mary" |
| Elizabeth | Ruled after her Half Sister Mary Tudor daughter of Henry VIII, chose a middle course between Catholicism and protestant—she wanted all people to attend the same church so things would stay calm, but she didn't care if they believed what was preached or not; She also required all officials, clergy, and nobles to swear allegiance to her as "the supreme governor of the church of England." |
| John Calvin | _____ had great influence on future Christianity, Originally intended to have a career in the clergy, studied law, which greatly influenced his ideas and thoughts later in his life; he converted to Protestantism. he believed God chose certain people to do his [God's] work, and that God had chosen him to reform the church; Accordingly, he accepted the invitation to assist in the reformation of Geneva, in Switzerland; Geneva became the model for 16th century Protestant reformers; his ideas on Christianity were embodied in The Institutes of the Christian Religion |
| Michael Servetus | Spanish humanist who became famous for his publications denying the Christian dogma of the Trinity. Arrested in the Inquisition, but escaped to Geneva were he was quickly rearrested. At his trial, he denied the Trinity, as well as challenging infant baptism, saying that no one could commit a mortal sin under the age of 21. He begged to simply be banished, but was instead burned at the stake |
| The Council of Trent | council that met in Trent, an imperial city close to Italy. It was called not only to reform the church, but to primarily reconcile with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists were also invited to participate, but they said that unless everything reformed was in accordance with the scriptures, they'd have nothing to do with it, reaffirmed the seven sacraments of catholic teaching, thus it rejected Lutheran and Calvinist positions on Transubstantiation and other debated topics; Moreover, it greatly strengthened the Catholic church |
| Ursuline Nuns | founded by Angela Merici, it attained enormous prestige for the education of women; She founded the order to combat heresy through Christian education; The first women's religious order concentrating exclusively on teaching young girls, the Ursulines sought to re-Christianize society by training future wives and mothers; Because the Council of Trent essentially ended all active ministries for women, Merici had a hard time gaining papal approval; After finally being officially recognized in 1565, they spread to France and the New world. they provided superior education for young women and instilled the spiritual ideals of the Catholic Reformation. |
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | an attack carried out by Catholics on the Calvinists. The occasion was the marriage of the King's sister, Margaret of Valois to the Protestant Henry of Navarre, which was intended to bring peace among Catholics and Huguenots, instead Huguenot wedding guests were slaughtered, but Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) escapes. Violence then spreads everywhere |
| Philip II | son of Charles V; he wasn't nearly as popular as his father was in areas like the low lands, Belgium, Netherlands, so he had a hard time controlling them. also inherits Spain and Spanish colonies |
| Union of Utrecht | the declaration of independence of the seven northern provinces from Spanish rule |
| politiques | French group of moderates who believed that the only thing to stop the trend towards a social collapse was the restoration of a strong monarchy- leader John Bodin |
| Jesuits | founded by Ignatius Loyola. it played a powerful role in resisting the spread of Protestantism, converting Asians and Latin American Indians to Catholicism, and spreading Christian education throughout Europe. The first members recruited primarily from the wealthy merchant, and professional classes, and saw the Reformation as a pastoral problem, its causes and cures related not to doctrinal issues, but to peoples spiritual condition; The goal of it was different than that of Luther or Calvin. Their goal was to "Help souls." |
| Huguenots | french Calvinists who lived in most major cities; by the time of Henry II's death in 1559, perhaps one tenth of the French population was Calvinist |
| Edict of Nantes | Issued by Henry IV (Henry Navarre) gave religious tolerance to the Huguenots and gave them 150 fortified cities |
| Francesco Petrarch | Poet that developed the sonett during the Renaissance. Climbs a mountain and reads St. Augustine's book. Respects nature and it's beauty disregarding the teachings in the book. The first real "Renaissance Man" |
| Indulgences | Passes sold that are signed by a church official that eliminated time in purgatory- forgave you of your sins. began during the crusades |
| Fredrick of Saxony (the Wise) | Ruler that is against the sale of indulgences for economic reasons and protects Luther from being burned for heresy |
| Gustavas Vasa | Swedish king during a civil war with Denmark, took over control of church personnel and income, Protestant ideas spread, although the Sweden did not officially accept Lutheran theology until later in the century |
| Battle of Bosworth Field | Battle that brings an end to the middle ages. This is the last battle that brought The War of The Roses to an end. Fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor (VII) |
| Catherine of Aragon | Spanish royalty, marries Arthur of England who dies at a young age and later married his brother Henry VIII and has one daughter, Mary |
| John Knox | Set the Calvinist reform in Scotland into motion after working with John Calvin in Geneva. Persuaded parliament to end papal authority. |
| Pope Paul III | Elected in 1534, begins major reforms in the Catholic church through The Council of Trent and Roman Inquisition. He wanted to reconcile the Protestants and reinvigorate Catholicism with more focus on the spiritual |
| Roman Inquisition | a committee of six cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics. Prosecuted many for heresy such as Galileo. Did not have much impact in areas other than the Papal States |
| Puritans | people returning to England from Geneva that demanded a less materialistic and hierarchical church |
| Concordat of Bologna | Treaty between Francis I and the pope, where Francis agreed to recognize the Papacy's authority in exchange for the ability to appoint bishops and other church officials. Ensures France's continued adherence to Catholicism |
| Thomas Wolsey | Cardinal, highest ranking church official and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. |
| Teresa of Avila | Nun who reformed nunneries, rallied people and redid the convent enforcing strict enclosure and more egalitarian, no class distinctions |
| Ignatius Loyola | Former soldier and founder of the Jesuits, believed he had a calling to be one of God's soldiers and spread the Catholic way. Wrote a book "Spiritual Exercises" |
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