Anthro Test #1 (Chapters 1-4)
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Created by:
redsoxgirl_1 on September 20, 2011
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60 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Species | group of organisms than can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| forces of human evolution | subject to the same force that have acted upon other organisms |
| Culture | learned behavioral aspects of human adaptation, or the strategy by which humans adapt to the natural environment. |
| archaeology | study's/ interprets materials & cultural remains recovered from earlier cultures. |
| Linguistic anthropology | studies human speech,language and characteristics |
| Physical/ biological anthropology | uses science to study humans,non-human primates and their ancestors. |
| Primatology | studies biology and behavior of non-human primates |
| forensic anthropology | applied anthropological approach dealing with legal matters,crime investigations and identifying skeletal remains... Bones is a ? |
| Scientific Theory | -Science advances through the disproof of hypothesis -Theory is a hypothesis that has been falsified |
| What is the Goal of the scientific method? | Generate the most accurate explanations possible |
| When was the last common human ancestor? | 6-8 million years ago |
| hypothesis | explanation of a phenomenon verified or falsified through testing; regards scientific facts or observations. |
| fixity of species | was the belief that life forms could not change |
| What are the events combined to alter 18th century Western Europeans' ideas about earth | -circumnavigation of the globe -discovery of the new world -discovery of the heliocentric universe |
| argument from design stated what? | everything was created for a unique purpose/design for which they were required |
| Carolus Linnaeus was known for? | the Taxonomic Binomial nomenclature (known for creating genus/species names like homo sapien) |
| Catastrophism | view that extinction & appearance of modern forms could be explained by disasters & creation. |
| Thomas Malthus was known for? | proposed that population size is kept in check by the limited availability of resources. |
| Uniformitarianism | uniform processes over time |
| selective pressures | can change if environmental conditions change |
| Fitness | relative measure that changes as the environment changes |
| Natural Selection Theory | refers to genetic change in frequencies of certain traits in population due to differential reproductive success between individuals. |
| cells | basic unit of life |
| cell nucleus | contains DNA (genetic makeup) |
| ribosomes | synthesis protiens |
| What are the 2 types of Eukaryotic Cells? | Somatic & Gametes |
| What does DNA do ? | it directs cellular function |
| What is a DNA nucleotide? | consist of a sugar, a phosphate and 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases (AGTC) |
| What are the differences between RNA & DNA? | Change in base, single stranded and from T to U. |
| Chromosomes | composed of a DNA molecule & protien (composed of 2 strands during certain stages of cell division) -Humans have 46 |
| Centromere | constricted portion of a chromosome (center) |
| mitosis | cell division in somatic cells (results in 2 identical daughter cells) |
| Meiosis | cell division in gametes (results in 4 daughter cells |
| Gregor Mendel | discovered the fundamental principles of how traits are inherited (selective breeding & pea study) |
| homozygous recessive | gene is expressed-- 2 copies (2 of the same) Homo=same |
| genotype | genetic makeup (gene=genetics) |
| phenotype | physical characteristics (pheno-physical) |
| What is the principle of independent assortment? | the distribution of one pair of alleles into gametes does not influence the distribution of another. |
| What is the principle of segregation? | States that genes occur in pairs b/c chromosomes occur in pairs. |
| Recessive | Not Expressed |
| Codominance | when 2 different alleles are both expressed |
| Dominance | Expressed |
| Sex-linked traits | have their loci (on sex chromosomes) **Expressed more often in males |
| Polygenic Traits | influenced by more than one gene |
| Mendelian Traits | discrete or discontinous |
| Pleiotropic | A single gene influences more than one expression (phenotypic) |
| How a mutation is passed on to an offspring | the mutation must occur in a gamete |
| Mutations | Molecular alterations in genetic material...its the only source of new genetic material. |
| Genetic Drift | Random Change in gene frequencies |
| Subfields of Anthropology | Cultural,Linguistic,Physical, Paleoanthropology, Molecular, Forensic,Applied & Medical |
| Ethnocentrism | the belief that ones cultures is superior to anothers |
| Is there scientific support behind the theory of evolution? | Yes |
| Charles Darwin and the importance of sexual reproduction... | Darwinism approves sexual selection |
| Are there well-documented examples of natural selection operating in natural populations? | Yes |
| Mitochondria DNA vs. Nuclear DNA | Same Structure and function except only from the mother. |
| regulatory genes | produces enzymes & other protiens that switch on or off other segments of DNA & influence the activity of other genes |
| Nondisjunction | Do not separate properly (fails to provide properly) ** Happens in both autosomal & sex chromosomes |
| Gene Flow | Exchange of genes between populations |
| ATGC | Always Together Good Couple Adenine Taurine Guanine Cytosene |
| AUGC | Always United Good Couple Adenine Urine Gaunine Cytosene |
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