Morality Unit I
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75 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 teleology | the results/outcome determines if an act is moral; choose which action is most likely to result in the most or most significant good |
| deontology | what is moral is what complies with set rules or guidelines |
| utilitarianism | good action = one that brings the greatest good for the greatest number of people |
| moral | refers to actions that are good |
| immoral | refers to actions that are bad |
| non-moral | refers to actions that are morally neutral |
| rationalization | coming up with logical sounding reasons to justify immoral behavior |
| objective morality | there is a moral right/wrong or moral laws that apply to all people |
| subjective morality | morality varies from person to person, culture to culture; there are no moral laws that apply to all people |
| object/act | what one does in order to accomplish their goal |
| end/intent | one's reason for acting |
| mitigating factors | factors that may decrease a person's level of responsibility for a bad action; ignorance, outside coercion, lesser of two evils |
| ignorance | a person is honestly unaware of the problem or the right thing to do |
| outside coercion | a person is made to act or not act by an external threat |
| lesser of two evils | there are no good choice in a situation, so the person chooses the less evil option |
| Principle of Double Effect | developed by Thomas Aquinas; used to determine the permissibility of an action that has significant good and bad consequences |
| Act must be morally good or neutral | first step of double effect |
| intent must be good; bad result tolerated, not intended | second step of double effect |
| good result must be caused by the act, not by the bad result | third step of double effect |
| good result must be significant enough to justify bad result | fourth step of double effect |
| image of God | we fulfill our divine origin by freely directing ourselves to what is good; we must respect other people's values |
| Beatitudes | satisfy our desire for happiness by drawing us towards God and call us to the proper attitudes for living a Christian lifestyle |
| The more one does what is good, the freer one becomes | true freedom |
| conscience | the human ability or capacity to discern right from wrong (voice of God) |
| well-formed | seeks truth; does its best to find the right thing to do |
| erroneous | seeks truth; does its best to find the right thing to do but comes to the wrong conclusion |
| lax | lazy; do what you feel like; doesn't go through the process of making the right decision |
| character | habits contribute to who we are as people; our moral make-up which influences future actions |
| actions | what we choose to do in a given situation |
| habits | actions that are easy to repeat; become good and bad... |
| vices | negative behavior patterns that are harmful to oneself and others |
| character | the type of person one is; the inclinations towards good and evil that are part of the fabric of a person's being |
| integrity | a consistency or wholeness between one's values, character and the decisions one makes and the way one acts |
| virtues | character strengths manifested in a consistent pattern of moral decision making |
| theological virtues | reflect God's presence in our lives and direct us toward God |
| faith hope love/charity | theological virtues |
| faith | to believe in God and to respond to God by seeking to know and do God's will |
| hope | trusting in God even when it seems unfounded; vision to see things other than they are and willingness to bring that vision about |
| love/charity | cornerstone of all virtues; concern for God and concern for others above all else |
| cardinal virtues | hinge; assists in leading moral lifestyle |
| prudence | assists in making wise moral judgments; what is right thing to do? |
| justice | people have basic rights and needs that should be respected; responsibility to others |
| fortitude/courage | make a stand for what is good and right; assist us in acting on the decisions we make even in face of hardship/opposition |
| temperance | self-control; ability to find balance in lives |
| grace | God's free and unmerited gift of God's self |
| sanctifying | grace that makes us holy |
| actual | grace that helps us live morally |
| cheap | grace we bestow on ourselves and take God's love for granted |
| costly grace | calls us to conversion; God's love demands we change for the better |
| concupiscence | human tendency to sin that remains even after baptism cleanses us of original sin |
| natural law | moral code known through reason; humans only ones who can choose to disobey/obey God |
| Divine revelation | Bible tells us what we couldn't reason out; "love my enemy" |
| awareness | know problems/circumstances; seek truth; aware of biases/prejudices;consider options/possible results; pray/consult Church teachings |
| action | use best judgement; "all that is necessary for evil to triumph is for good men to do nothing" |
| consequences | accept and take responsibility; may lead to new moral problems that must be dealt with |
| accident | unintended; couldn't have reasonably foreseen this consequence |
| negligence | unintended; should have been able to foresee this consequence |
| deliberate intent | willfully sought consequence to come about |
| Reward and Punishment; do right thing for reward/do wrong thing if won't be punished | Kohlberg's Stage #1 |
| Me First; if it benefits them it's good/if it doesn't it's bad | Kohlberg's Stage #2 |
| Pleasing Others; do what is approved by others; may change depending on who one is trying to please | Kohlberg's Stage #3 |
| It's Your Duty; act in compliance with laws/rules | Kohlberg's Stage #4 |
| What Society Stands For; acts on what upholds society's principles; greatest good for greatest number of people | Kohlberg's Stage #5 |
| It's the Principle of the Thing; one looks beyond what benefits society or themselves and uses conscience to apply moral principles; universal ethical principles | Kohlberg's Stage #6 |
| Original sin | condition of being born into world of broken relationships; results in concupiscence |
| personal sin | free choice to go against God's will |
| sin of omission | failing to stop an evil or take actions for what is right |
| sin of commission | actually doing something/acting in a way that violates God's will |
| Thomas Aquinas | wrote about many moral issues; said action is made of two parts; developed Principle of Double Effect |
| Kohlberg | came up with theory of moral development |
| Dietrich Bonhoeffer | German Lutheran pastor; executed for anti-Nazi activities during WWII; spoke about cheap and costly grace |
| categorical imperative | ethical means following duty because it's the right thing to do; do what you would want everyone to do all the time in every circumstance with no exceptions; value humans for themselves not means to an end |
| Immanuel Kant | German Enlightenment philosopher; deontologist; known for categorical imperative |
| Jeremy Benthom | founder of Utilitarianism; quantity of good determines morality of action; no distinction between happiness and pleasure |
| John Stuart Mill | Benthom's successor; wants wisdom and intellect and unsatisfied than to be a happy blundering idiot; quality |
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