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core the solid metallic center of the earth mantle a soft layer of molten rock that floats on top of the core crust the thin layer of rock at the surface of the earth magma molten rock that is the result of the magma melting the underside of the earth's crust lithosphere the solid rock portion of the earth's surface hydrosphere the water elements of the earth, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, and water in the atmosphere biosphere the part of the earth where plants and animals live continental drift theory that a supercontinent divided and drifter apart over time third What order is the earth from the sun in our solar system? 93 million miles What is earth's distance from the sun? iron What is the earth's core mostly made up of? 1800 miles How thick is the mantle? when the mantle melts the underside of the crust How is magma created? biosphere made up of the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere Bethany Dennison, Ashley Ross, Sara Abston, and their wonderful cats Who do you love? hydrologic cycle the continuous circulation of water between the atmosphere, oceans, and earth landform naturally formed features on the earth's surface continental shelf the earth's surface from the edge of a continent to the edge of the deep part of the ocean relief the difference in elevation of a landform from the lowest point to the highest point 71 percent How much of the planet is covered by water? mountains, hills, plains, and plateaus four main categories of relief tectonic plate an enormous moving piece that forms the earth's crust fault a fracture in the earth's crust earthquake violent movement of the earth caused by the movement of tectonic plates epicenter point on the earth's surface directly above an earthquake Richter scale a scale that measures the energy released during an earthquake tsunami a giant wave in the ocean caused by an earthquake volcano an opening in the earth's crust where magma and gases escape lava what magma is called when it reaches the earth's surface Ring of Fire a zone around the rim of the Pacific ocean where most active volcanoes are found 1. sliding past each other; 2. subduction (diving under another plate); 3. convergence (crashing into one another); 4. spreading (moving apart) four ways that the tectonic plates move divergent boundary, convergent boundary, and transform boundary three types of boundaries mark plate movements plates move apart divergent boundary plates collide with each other convergent boundary plates slide past on another transform boundary up to 450 miles per hour speed of tsunamis the lower part of the crust or mantle Where are the magma, gases, and water in a volcano from? hot spots areas where the crust is very thin and occasionally magma melts through fertile soil and heat energy What are two good results of volcanic action? weathering physical or chemical processes that change the characteristics of rock on or near the earth's surface sediment small pieces of rock mechanical weathering process that breaks down rock chemical weathering process that changes rock into a new substance; it happens because of elements in the air or water and the minerals in the rock interact erosion weathered material moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity mud, sand, silt examples of sediment ice or frost, plant growth; human activities- drilling and blasting in a mine things that cause mechanical weathering decomposition breakdown minerals reacting to oxygen, minerals with water or carbon dioxide forming weak acids, and climate What are some things that cause chemical weathering? soil the loose mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, air, and water that supports plant growth five factors that affect soil parent material, relief, organisms, climate, time the chemical composition affects fertility parent material steeper slopes erode easily and produce soil slowly relief small animals such as worms and ants help loosen soil. bacteria helps material decompose; this supplies food for plants organisms hot and cold climates produce different solid; the same is true for wet and dry climates climate the amount of time to produce soil varies time