Lec_4 Path Neo 1
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Hyperplasia: | • Increase in the number of cells present in a tissue • Reversible and under physiologic control |
| Metaplasia: | • An adaptive substitution of one type of adult tissue for another type of adult tissue • Under stress a more vulnerable type of tissue can be replaced by another that is more capable of withstanding the stress |
| Dysplasia: | • An abnormality in cell size and appearance with or without a disorganized growth pattern • Is not cancer • Is reversible |
| Carcinoma In-Situ (CIS): | • Equivalent to severe or full thickness dysplasia • Severe cervical dysplasia=CIS [CINIII] • Not cancer • Respects BM |
| Neoplasia: | • A disease of cells characterized by alteration of normal growth regulatory mechanisms |
| Transformed: | • Tissue replicates without regard to the regulatory influences that control normal cell growth |
| Parasitic: | • Tissue competes with "normal" cells and tissues for metabolic needs |
| Cachexia: | • Neoplasias can flourish while the rest of the body wastes away |
| Desmoplasia: | • The formation and proliferation of non-neoplastic connective tissue in response to a neoplasm • Often associated with a malignancy and is the most normal response to the invasion |
| Tumor: | • A "growth" or "enlargement" which may not necessarily be neoplastic |
| Benign: | • Slow growth • Resemblance to tissue of origin (well differentiated) • Circumscription with pushing border (+/- encapsulated) • Lack of invasion or metastases • Usually not life threatening, but can cause problems through mass effect • Respects BM |
| Nomenclature of benign mesenchymal tumors on the parenchymal cell: | • Oma |
| B9 tumor of uterus: | • Leiomyoma |
| B9 tumor of fibrous tissue: | • Fibroma |
| B9 tumor of cartilage: | • Chondroma |
| Nomenclature of benign epithelial tumors producing glands or derived from glandular tissue: | • Adenoma |
| Papillomas: | • Benign epithelial tumors that grow upward form an epithelial surface and have a frond-like, papillary architecture |
| Polyps: | • Exophytic masses on a mucosal surface • Often found in bowel |
| Hamartoma: | • A peculiar benign neoplasm which is a localized, but has haphazard growth of tissues normally found at a given site |
| Choristoma: | • B9 neoplasm • Normal tissue where it should not be • Heterotopic rest |
| Invasion: | • The ability of neoplasm to grow into and through adjacent normal tissues by breaching the BM |
| Metastasis: | • The spread of a neoplasm from the area of origin to distant sites through various routes |
| Lymphatic dissemination: | • Primary mode of dissemination for carcinomas |
| Hematogenous dissemination: | • Primary mode of dissemination for sarcomas |
| Seeding: | • Involves tumor dissemination in body cavities • Seeds the outside of structure |
| Malignant characteristics: | • **Metastases • *Invasion • Others include more rapid increase in size & lack of differentiation (anaplasia) |
| Histologic features of malignant neoplasms: | • Lack of differentiation (anaplasia) • Increased nuclear DNA content with subsequent dark staining on H and E slides (hyperchromatism) • Anaplasia • Prominent nucleoli within the nuclei • Increased nuclear size with increase nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (N/C ratio) • Necrosis |
| Anaplasia: | • Atypical Mitosis and Nuclear Pleomorphism |
| Microinvasion: | • The spread of epithelial malignancies just beyond the basement membrane |
| Mesenchymal malignant neoplasms are named after the parenchymal cell type of origin with the suffix: | • Sarcoma |
| A malignant tumor of smooth muscle origin: | • Leiomyosarcoma |
| A malignancy of striated muscle origin: | • Rhabdomyosarcoma |
| A malignancy of bone (osseous) origin: | • Osteosarcoma |
| Epithelial malignant neoplasms are: | • Carcinomas |
| Malignant epithelial neoplasms forming glands or arising from glandular tissues: | • Adenocarcinomas |
| Malignant squamous and urothelial cells: | • Squamous and urothelial (transitional cell) carcinomas |
| Stages: | • Most important criteria • Tumor size & location • Node involvement • *Metastases |
| Grade: | • Grade 1- well differentiated • Grade 2- moderately differentiated • Grade 3- poorly differentiated |
| Cancer: | • Any malignant growth of cells (tumor), whether a carcinoma, sarcoma or hematologic malignancy • Second most common cause of death in US |
| Teratoma: | • Derives from ectoderm, endoderm, or mesoderm |
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